Love is a Magician
No longer can I hear the applause
For the mighty Illusionist called Love.
The sparkle ceases to appear
And the once sought feeling of joy slips away.
Does the day fade into night?
Or does the darkness devour the daylight?
Moments tick by endlessly,
Wrapping into each other.
Forced smiles become dimmed.
Soft touches turn into hardened memories.
And love loses its bright color.
Teardrops suddenly nourish sadness
And become the requirement for a thirsty soul.
Laughter only mocks the truth
And fake happiness chips away like a tiled floor.
Is irony the definition of love?
As we all fumble through life to find it.
While we crave the feeling of passion,
Our heart warns us of the coming betrayal.
Love is a magician.
It entices us with its glory.
We become enraptured by its tricks.
The excitement of it eats away reality
And we suffer from its delusions.
Yes love is a magician.
With a quirky smile,
A witty presence,
And the truth hidden behind its back.
By Jeannette Villatoro
© 2008
Sunday, April 5, 2009
The Impact and Implications of a Unique Social World
"Essay I wrote for Social Psychology. Kind of tricky because it had to be about myself but APA format kind of denies a writer of the right to use "I". Thus, I used "this author". Eh, you get the picture." - Jeannette Villatoro
The Impact and Implications of a Unique Social World
Jeannette Villatoro
PYD0914A
Professor Debra Booker
April 5, 2009
Abstract
Each individual displays a self-efficacy that can change and morph with different phases of life. Some of the most momentous events in life that encumber the greatest self agility and determination is gaining an education through college. This author demonstrates the challenges and achievements she went through to pursue her undying passion for a college degree, the comparisons between the pursuit of the same goal from past to present, and the effect it has had on her personal life and in the social world she inhabits.
The Impact and Implications of a Unique Social World
A college education is one of the most significant events that one can endure. The pursuit of an elongated educational endeavor can greatly affect how one perceives the outside world as well as the inner workings of their own mind, and the balance between the two elements. This author will illustrate the impact and implications of a unique social world in which educational development and the pursuit of a better self help modify how this author interacts with the world around her and internalizes the knowledge that has been acquired.
This author has always been moved by the learning experience, whether directly from living in a social world or the concentrated knowledge that is delivered from a specific course of study. Learning is a consistent process in which human beings thrive. But the pursuit of an education from college proves to be an enormous tool for success and understanding of one’s self, and has further propelled this author into a positive environment within a social world of learning and achieving. There are some important assertions that have come to light when contemplating the effects of school, however. It seems that the timing must be accurate for the attitude of the student and the place in life in which the student finds them self.
The day that this author chose to continue her education through online college courses at Ashford University was one of the greatest days of her life. Being a stay-at-home mother who focused primarily on her family has been a miraculous experience that has allotted amazing personal growth. It has also forged a more limited view and connection with the outside world in conjunction with this author’s own personal needs and wants. Attending college would no doubt help to eradicate the missing link between her personal world and the world in which she once felt a part of. Being a student once again would surely open her mind to new knowledge and intellectual thinking as well as change her attitude and feelings about herself. For certain it would also impact her family that she has been so dedicated to. It was a difficult challenge to bear for this author, but one that was necessary. Therefore, fine tuning would have to take place in order to continue with her dreams and goals while still maintaining the position within her family structure and keeping the important aspects of her life in the forefront.
In the past, this author went with the wave of most other graduated high school students and attended college immediately at the appropriate age. However, this author was less than motivated to do well, as the distractions prevailed and personal perseverance lacked immensely. “There are numerous variables that affect a student’s performance through college (Nelson, 2003, pg. 1)”. Having to make decisions on their own, the social pressures of college life, and fear of the unknown all contribute to poor college performance (Nelson, 2003). Although this author was arguably still intelligent at this younger age, she did not give college an honest effort. School curriculum was not a focus and the choices she made were sporadic as this author simply took classes that interested her rather than what would place her closer to her goal. The actual possibility of gaining more knowledge and becoming a better person was not a priority to this author and subsequently she gave up and left school. Despite this failure, this author has achieved many amazing goals in life reflected in her husband, children, and home. Her life has been blissfully pertinent and has brought her to a place in life in which responsibility, pride, and personal acceptance has flourished. Due to these elements she now possesses, she has the ability to embrace college with a new perspective.
This author has had great success with attending school in recent circumstances. It has proved to be a more intense and fulfilling experience than she could ever have imagined. Within the structure of learning, she has boosted her self confidence and has felt more valuable to the world around her. She has also been able to strongly acquire a passion for the career direction in which she chose to follow. These accomplishments have been life changing for this author and her family. Her present entrance into college has come at a time in which she was completely prepared due to her seasoned self-efficacy which allowed for the realization that she could complete her goal and obtain the degree that she has always wanted. The issues of the past no longer exist, as growing into an adult, wife, and mother has forced the reality that success comes from hard work and determination. After nearly two years of college, this author has applied those standards to learning and has reaped the rewards. She has proudly maintained a 4.0 GPA, has been on the Dean’s List consecutively, and has recently been inducted into the Honor Society Chapter of Alpha Sigma Lambda.
Life is a magical mixture of growing realization in one’s self and events that stimulate that growth. Failure and disappointment are in fact a part of life, but are meant to be changed into more positive successes. Self-efficacy has played an important role for this author, as it is the drive to go forth with her determination and to do well (Myers, 2005). Going to college was an amazing feat for this author that led to achievements beyond her expectations. The powerful self-efficacy she has allowed herself to gain along with the pursuit of educational growth has enlightened this author in ways that will allow her to broaden this spectrum to the outside world and continue to succeed in the future with confidence.
References
Myers, D. (2005). Social Psychology (8th edition). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Nelson, R (2003).Student efficiency: a study on the behavior and productive efficiency of college students and the determinants of GPA. Issues in Political Economy. 12, 1.
The Impact and Implications of a Unique Social World
Jeannette Villatoro
PYD0914A
Professor Debra Booker
April 5, 2009
Abstract
Each individual displays a self-efficacy that can change and morph with different phases of life. Some of the most momentous events in life that encumber the greatest self agility and determination is gaining an education through college. This author demonstrates the challenges and achievements she went through to pursue her undying passion for a college degree, the comparisons between the pursuit of the same goal from past to present, and the effect it has had on her personal life and in the social world she inhabits.
The Impact and Implications of a Unique Social World
A college education is one of the most significant events that one can endure. The pursuit of an elongated educational endeavor can greatly affect how one perceives the outside world as well as the inner workings of their own mind, and the balance between the two elements. This author will illustrate the impact and implications of a unique social world in which educational development and the pursuit of a better self help modify how this author interacts with the world around her and internalizes the knowledge that has been acquired.
This author has always been moved by the learning experience, whether directly from living in a social world or the concentrated knowledge that is delivered from a specific course of study. Learning is a consistent process in which human beings thrive. But the pursuit of an education from college proves to be an enormous tool for success and understanding of one’s self, and has further propelled this author into a positive environment within a social world of learning and achieving. There are some important assertions that have come to light when contemplating the effects of school, however. It seems that the timing must be accurate for the attitude of the student and the place in life in which the student finds them self.
The day that this author chose to continue her education through online college courses at Ashford University was one of the greatest days of her life. Being a stay-at-home mother who focused primarily on her family has been a miraculous experience that has allotted amazing personal growth. It has also forged a more limited view and connection with the outside world in conjunction with this author’s own personal needs and wants. Attending college would no doubt help to eradicate the missing link between her personal world and the world in which she once felt a part of. Being a student once again would surely open her mind to new knowledge and intellectual thinking as well as change her attitude and feelings about herself. For certain it would also impact her family that she has been so dedicated to. It was a difficult challenge to bear for this author, but one that was necessary. Therefore, fine tuning would have to take place in order to continue with her dreams and goals while still maintaining the position within her family structure and keeping the important aspects of her life in the forefront.
In the past, this author went with the wave of most other graduated high school students and attended college immediately at the appropriate age. However, this author was less than motivated to do well, as the distractions prevailed and personal perseverance lacked immensely. “There are numerous variables that affect a student’s performance through college (Nelson, 2003, pg. 1)”. Having to make decisions on their own, the social pressures of college life, and fear of the unknown all contribute to poor college performance (Nelson, 2003). Although this author was arguably still intelligent at this younger age, she did not give college an honest effort. School curriculum was not a focus and the choices she made were sporadic as this author simply took classes that interested her rather than what would place her closer to her goal. The actual possibility of gaining more knowledge and becoming a better person was not a priority to this author and subsequently she gave up and left school. Despite this failure, this author has achieved many amazing goals in life reflected in her husband, children, and home. Her life has been blissfully pertinent and has brought her to a place in life in which responsibility, pride, and personal acceptance has flourished. Due to these elements she now possesses, she has the ability to embrace college with a new perspective.
This author has had great success with attending school in recent circumstances. It has proved to be a more intense and fulfilling experience than she could ever have imagined. Within the structure of learning, she has boosted her self confidence and has felt more valuable to the world around her. She has also been able to strongly acquire a passion for the career direction in which she chose to follow. These accomplishments have been life changing for this author and her family. Her present entrance into college has come at a time in which she was completely prepared due to her seasoned self-efficacy which allowed for the realization that she could complete her goal and obtain the degree that she has always wanted. The issues of the past no longer exist, as growing into an adult, wife, and mother has forced the reality that success comes from hard work and determination. After nearly two years of college, this author has applied those standards to learning and has reaped the rewards. She has proudly maintained a 4.0 GPA, has been on the Dean’s List consecutively, and has recently been inducted into the Honor Society Chapter of Alpha Sigma Lambda.
Life is a magical mixture of growing realization in one’s self and events that stimulate that growth. Failure and disappointment are in fact a part of life, but are meant to be changed into more positive successes. Self-efficacy has played an important role for this author, as it is the drive to go forth with her determination and to do well (Myers, 2005). Going to college was an amazing feat for this author that led to achievements beyond her expectations. The powerful self-efficacy she has allowed herself to gain along with the pursuit of educational growth has enlightened this author in ways that will allow her to broaden this spectrum to the outside world and continue to succeed in the future with confidence.
References
Myers, D. (2005). Social Psychology (8th edition). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Nelson, R (2003).Student efficiency: a study on the behavior and productive efficiency of college students and the determinants of GPA. Issues in Political Economy. 12, 1.
Empty Stage
Empty Stage
Here I stand with my knees buckling
Wearing my heart on my sleeve
My bubbling talent waiting to be recieved.
I look to the left,
And then the right.
No director is present
My name is not in lights.
The audience of chairs are silent and encumbered
The only sound is my heart pounding sorrowfully
No tickets were bought to see me perform.
The echoe of laughter teases my senses
And the dull bulbs of thought pierce my mind.
How did I get to this stage so unprepared?
Why is there coldness depleting my breath?
I wither off stage with a tear stained face.
I laugh sarcastically at my hopes to be loved.
No longer will I subject myself to this pain.
Within the theatre lies my demise.
By Jeannette Villatoro © 2008
Here I stand with my knees buckling
Wearing my heart on my sleeve
My bubbling talent waiting to be recieved.
I look to the left,
And then the right.
No director is present
My name is not in lights.
The audience of chairs are silent and encumbered
The only sound is my heart pounding sorrowfully
No tickets were bought to see me perform.
The echoe of laughter teases my senses
And the dull bulbs of thought pierce my mind.
How did I get to this stage so unprepared?
Why is there coldness depleting my breath?
I wither off stage with a tear stained face.
I laugh sarcastically at my hopes to be loved.
No longer will I subject myself to this pain.
Within the theatre lies my demise.
By Jeannette Villatoro © 2008
An Exploration of Why Job Suffered
An Exploration of Why Job Suffered
Jeannette Villatoro
GSP0819A
Dr. Johnny Vanneste
May 25, 2008
An Exploration of Why Job Suffered
Perhaps one of the most fascination books in the Bible is the Book of Job. This poetic and fluid dictation has been deemed as "the most profound and literary work of the entire Old Testament" (McKenzie, 1995, pg. 207). Job explores the presence of evil, how it relates to the existence of man, and how God plays a part in the battle. Quite possibly the most perplexing question regarding this writing is why Job suffered? I will begin a journey into discovery that will touch on what forms of suffering became of Job, what interpretations exist regarding this affliction, and how it brings light to the belief of Christianity today.
The Book of Job presents a relatable experience for the average believer. Many people have been through turmoil and strife; ups and downs in life that seem to make living unbearable. Having everything that is ever wanted is a rare accomplishment for most Americans today, but perhaps the more common experience is losing everything once it is obtained. Is this a direct punishment upon the nature of man? What about those who are righteous and follow the Lord with the entirety of their will and still find anguish? These questions have been delved into by scholars who study the Book of Job, as it clearly displays similar life trials.
Starting in the Book of Job reveals many revelations of Job and how to live righteously. However, according to some studies, "Since the Law of Moses is not mentioned, this indicates Job lived before the Law was given at ..:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Mt. Sinai. The book of Job shows the way of life which was common during the Patriarchal Age" (McDaniel, 2001, pg. 1). This particular discovery proposes that Job had an innate desire to serve the Lord despite the direct command to do so. Job was wealthy with an abundance of blessings. He had many livestock and prosperity and had a large estate. But the amazing fact about Job was that with all of this opulence that he had, he was a man of unmatched veracity among others in the land. "He was a man of perfect integrity, who feared God and turned away from evil" (Barker, 2002, pg. 303). He also kept his family humble and cleansed his children each day in hopes to abolish any sins that they may have committed towards God, both in action and thought. But soon his comfortable existence would be defeated in horrendous ways.
Satan approached God on one particular occasion, in which the Lord boasted of his servant Job whom he was very pleased. He presented the faith and character of Job to Satan as an apparent hope for the possibilities of man. Satan took this opportunity to challenge God and present controversy in the pride that God expressed over Job. Satan brought to light that God has blessed Job with everything that a man could ever want; therefore Job was only loyal by default. God then allowed Satan to confront Job's integrity as long as he did not harm him. Satan immediately sought to prove that Job would falter in his love for the Lord.
As soon as this pursuit took place, Satan was successful in taking away all of the worldly possessions in which Job held so dear. His livestock was diminished and his children were destroyed. But Satan did not prove successful in his intentions to break Job's faith, as Job ripped his clothing from his body, shaved his head, and declared, "Naked I came from my mother's womb, and naked I will leave this life. The Lord gives, and the Lord takes away. Praise the name of the Lord" (Job 1:21).
God brought this reaction of Job's to the attention of Satan but Satan was not satisfied. He told God that "any man would give up his possessions if he feared for his life" (Job 2:4). God then allowed Satan to test Job once again, as long as he was not killed. Satan infected Job with incurable boils from head to foot (Job 2: 7). And yet again, Job responded with faith for the Lord's will for him, despite his confusion with the wrecking of his life.
The suffering of Job has brought many interpretations and concerns to light among the Christian faith. Why exactly did God let Job suffer? Although it seems clear, there may be more ramifications to this reasoning than most would expect. Initially, God allowed Satan to try and destroy the devotion of possibly the best man of his time; Job. Once the first test was given, it was shown that Job had humility when the things he loved were violently swept away. When the second test occurred, Job still remained strong when he became ill and his very existence was threatened. But why would God allow this test to occur in the first place?
One particular explanation lies in the possibility that God was unsure of Job. Perhaps he was interested to see what faults Job had and if he would turn his back away from God once his blessed life became less than bearable. But the argument against this prediction is that God is all knowing and already knows the heart of his people. So then maybe he wanted to prove to Satan that there was a good, loyal servant that existed in the eyes of God. One who would serve him until his dying day regardless of pleasantries or turmoil? Even so, God has no need to prove his knowledge or manner to anyone, especially Satan (Linthicum, 1991, pg. 178). This perpetual feud between Satan and God seems almost as if God was merely humoring Satan with the enhancement of teaching lessons to his people in the process.
Another analogy of why Job suffered would be to show the wisdom of God and let people endure the compassion of human suffering. "After Elihu had finished, God spoke. God did not tell Job that He had allowed Satan to afflict him. He simply challenged Job with His great wisdom. God's wisdom was much greater than that of Job and his friends. If they could not answer questions about how God does things in His creation, how could they understand human suffering?" (McDaniel, 2001, pg. 1).
One last theodicy on this particular subject would be that of a direct collaboration between human suffering and God's suffering and the cataclysmic opposition that the two present. According to Sheldon, Job believed "a transcendent God could never understand our very human suffering, arising as it does from our powerlessness and finitude" (Sheldon, 2000, pg. 1). This could mean that the entire reason behind the allowance of the suffering of Job was for the benefit of both Job and God to understand a bit of each other's position.
One thing remains clear: Job's suffering was a direct result from Satan himself. The true question lies within why God would allow such a violation upon one of his most prized servants. Job's own wife suggested he should denounce God and prepare to die. The three friends that visited Job during the worst phases of his despair maintained that Job must have committed a terrible and vile sin in order to be the recipient of such havoc. But Job did not agree with this proposition, as he believed God to be compassionate and caring toward all human suffering that would take place in his eyes (Sheldon, 2000, pg. 1). After all the debates that flourished between Job in his desolate state and his three friends, the last statement that Job concludes is that, "his humanity entitles him to innate moral rights, which God has violated; and if he is innocent and God is truly all-powerful, then the Deity must be responsible for the evil that he and all other people endure' (Harris, 2007, pg. 252).
God's response to the feelings and presentations of Job and his friends reflected that of authority. If these men could not understand God and why He does things, which clearly they could not, as God had more wisdom than these and all men, then how could they possibly understand human suffering (McDaniel, 2001, pg. 1). These deliberations resulted in the repentance of Job and his promise to trust God and his love for all mankind.
So why does suffering truly exist, and most seemingly for those who least deserve it? Although the Book of Job intends to put such inquires to rest, it is still an ironic ending that comes of it all. Answers are not imminent and the understanding of why God would allow such trials and tribulations into the lives of those who served him well remain a floating inquisition in even today's world.
Job took the opportunity of his demise to truly explore why God would do this and what would come of it. It was truly a time of reflection. When God appeared as Job was discussing these matters with his friends, Job took upon the notion to challenge God and His ways. He still remained loyal and trusting in God, but with some new questions that needed to be answered. He was battling for humanity in that he confronted the Lord with his own mortal views that he believed God could not understand. "Reversing the traditional wisdom of that asks us to look at things from the Deity's viewpoint, Job asks that God develop greater empathy for the human condition, experiencing his imperfect world as mortals must, without the divine prerogatives of omniscience, immortality, and immunity to pain" (Harris, 2007, pg. 254). This would be probably the only mark in biblical history in which one of God's people gives a hypothesis of discovery to God himself. It was a very interesting viewpoint that Job asked God to uphold, as we as people can experience love for others with an innate understanding of their circumstances if we open our hearts. Even our children have the benefit of our love with the unique position of understanding what it is like to be a child because we have been a child ourselves. However, God has not experienced being a human being. Although he created us, he has not had the opportunity to understand what it is like to be mortal and struggle with such concepts as good and evil. Perhaps this marked God's decision for Jesus to come to the earth, so that a bridge of understanding could be created between us and God Himself.
God appears to make no distinction between the good and bad; innocent or guilty (Harris, 2007, pg. 253). This may be the most troubling conquest that a Christian or interested party can exam. But God assures us in a simple way that His Creation of all people is that of one. We may separate ourselves by such denominations of good and evil, but God wants us to see things His way. Perhaps our duty here on earth is to concentrate on the unity of each other rather than our own lives. In other words, in God's eyes, we are as good as the most evil person on earth.
With the many perplexities surrounding the Book of Job, there are just as many theories that attempt to encapsulate the true meaning of Job and the nature of the God we call our own. Job was an incredible influence that impacted the way we see God and Satan; good and evil. Job had everything that anyone could possibly desire as a man of his time and with that came the assumption that such blessings were allowed solely on the basis of his integrity and loyalty to God. But when it came time to prove otherwise, Job did everything but weaken his position as a God-fearing man. With this strength came a philosophy of who God really is and what he expects from his people. As with the Bible as an entity in itself, many of these writings can be open to whatever interpretations allow. And as difficult as it is to discover the unorthodox truths behind the teachings of the Bible, it is clear that the purpose of such desire for learning is possibly the most significant ingredient in Christianity to date.
References
Lithicum, R. C. (1991). City of God, City of Satan. Michigan: Zondervan.
McDaniel, A. (2001) Truth for the World. Job: Why Do The Righteous Suffer? Retrieved
May 21, 2008, from http://www.tftw.org/courses/bcc_ots_l9.html
The Holy Bible, Red-Letter Text Edition. Nashville: Tennessee, 2003.
Sheldon, R. (2000). The Book of Job: A multiperspectival approach to the problem of
evil, The suffering of the righteous, and the justice of God. A theodicy. Job as Sacrifice of Suffering. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from http://www.rbsp.info/rbs/RbS/JOB/j25.html
Harris, S. L. (2007). Understanding the bible (7th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
Barker, K. L. (2002). Zondervan New International Version Study Bible. Michigan:
Zondervan.
McKenzie, J. L. (1995). Dictionary of The Bible. New York: Touchstone Books.
Jeannette Villatoro
GSP0819A
Dr. Johnny Vanneste
May 25, 2008
An Exploration of Why Job Suffered
Perhaps one of the most fascination books in the Bible is the Book of Job. This poetic and fluid dictation has been deemed as "the most profound and literary work of the entire Old Testament" (McKenzie, 1995, pg. 207). Job explores the presence of evil, how it relates to the existence of man, and how God plays a part in the battle. Quite possibly the most perplexing question regarding this writing is why Job suffered? I will begin a journey into discovery that will touch on what forms of suffering became of Job, what interpretations exist regarding this affliction, and how it brings light to the belief of Christianity today.
The Book of Job presents a relatable experience for the average believer. Many people have been through turmoil and strife; ups and downs in life that seem to make living unbearable. Having everything that is ever wanted is a rare accomplishment for most Americans today, but perhaps the more common experience is losing everything once it is obtained. Is this a direct punishment upon the nature of man? What about those who are righteous and follow the Lord with the entirety of their will and still find anguish? These questions have been delved into by scholars who study the Book of Job, as it clearly displays similar life trials.
Starting in the Book of Job reveals many revelations of Job and how to live righteously. However, according to some studies, "Since the Law of Moses is not mentioned, this indicates Job lived before the Law was given at ..:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Mt. Sinai. The book of Job shows the way of life which was common during the Patriarchal Age" (McDaniel, 2001, pg. 1). This particular discovery proposes that Job had an innate desire to serve the Lord despite the direct command to do so. Job was wealthy with an abundance of blessings. He had many livestock and prosperity and had a large estate. But the amazing fact about Job was that with all of this opulence that he had, he was a man of unmatched veracity among others in the land. "He was a man of perfect integrity, who feared God and turned away from evil" (Barker, 2002, pg. 303). He also kept his family humble and cleansed his children each day in hopes to abolish any sins that they may have committed towards God, both in action and thought. But soon his comfortable existence would be defeated in horrendous ways.
Satan approached God on one particular occasion, in which the Lord boasted of his servant Job whom he was very pleased. He presented the faith and character of Job to Satan as an apparent hope for the possibilities of man. Satan took this opportunity to challenge God and present controversy in the pride that God expressed over Job. Satan brought to light that God has blessed Job with everything that a man could ever want; therefore Job was only loyal by default. God then allowed Satan to confront Job's integrity as long as he did not harm him. Satan immediately sought to prove that Job would falter in his love for the Lord.
As soon as this pursuit took place, Satan was successful in taking away all of the worldly possessions in which Job held so dear. His livestock was diminished and his children were destroyed. But Satan did not prove successful in his intentions to break Job's faith, as Job ripped his clothing from his body, shaved his head, and declared, "Naked I came from my mother's womb, and naked I will leave this life. The Lord gives, and the Lord takes away. Praise the name of the Lord" (Job 1:21).
God brought this reaction of Job's to the attention of Satan but Satan was not satisfied. He told God that "any man would give up his possessions if he feared for his life" (Job 2:4). God then allowed Satan to test Job once again, as long as he was not killed. Satan infected Job with incurable boils from head to foot (Job 2: 7). And yet again, Job responded with faith for the Lord's will for him, despite his confusion with the wrecking of his life.
The suffering of Job has brought many interpretations and concerns to light among the Christian faith. Why exactly did God let Job suffer? Although it seems clear, there may be more ramifications to this reasoning than most would expect. Initially, God allowed Satan to try and destroy the devotion of possibly the best man of his time; Job. Once the first test was given, it was shown that Job had humility when the things he loved were violently swept away. When the second test occurred, Job still remained strong when he became ill and his very existence was threatened. But why would God allow this test to occur in the first place?
One particular explanation lies in the possibility that God was unsure of Job. Perhaps he was interested to see what faults Job had and if he would turn his back away from God once his blessed life became less than bearable. But the argument against this prediction is that God is all knowing and already knows the heart of his people. So then maybe he wanted to prove to Satan that there was a good, loyal servant that existed in the eyes of God. One who would serve him until his dying day regardless of pleasantries or turmoil? Even so, God has no need to prove his knowledge or manner to anyone, especially Satan (Linthicum, 1991, pg. 178). This perpetual feud between Satan and God seems almost as if God was merely humoring Satan with the enhancement of teaching lessons to his people in the process.
Another analogy of why Job suffered would be to show the wisdom of God and let people endure the compassion of human suffering. "After Elihu had finished, God spoke. God did not tell Job that He had allowed Satan to afflict him. He simply challenged Job with His great wisdom. God's wisdom was much greater than that of Job and his friends. If they could not answer questions about how God does things in His creation, how could they understand human suffering?" (McDaniel, 2001, pg. 1).
One last theodicy on this particular subject would be that of a direct collaboration between human suffering and God's suffering and the cataclysmic opposition that the two present. According to Sheldon, Job believed "a transcendent God could never understand our very human suffering, arising as it does from our powerlessness and finitude" (Sheldon, 2000, pg. 1). This could mean that the entire reason behind the allowance of the suffering of Job was for the benefit of both Job and God to understand a bit of each other's position.
One thing remains clear: Job's suffering was a direct result from Satan himself. The true question lies within why God would allow such a violation upon one of his most prized servants. Job's own wife suggested he should denounce God and prepare to die. The three friends that visited Job during the worst phases of his despair maintained that Job must have committed a terrible and vile sin in order to be the recipient of such havoc. But Job did not agree with this proposition, as he believed God to be compassionate and caring toward all human suffering that would take place in his eyes (Sheldon, 2000, pg. 1). After all the debates that flourished between Job in his desolate state and his three friends, the last statement that Job concludes is that, "his humanity entitles him to innate moral rights, which God has violated; and if he is innocent and God is truly all-powerful, then the Deity must be responsible for the evil that he and all other people endure' (Harris, 2007, pg. 252).
God's response to the feelings and presentations of Job and his friends reflected that of authority. If these men could not understand God and why He does things, which clearly they could not, as God had more wisdom than these and all men, then how could they possibly understand human suffering (McDaniel, 2001, pg. 1). These deliberations resulted in the repentance of Job and his promise to trust God and his love for all mankind.
So why does suffering truly exist, and most seemingly for those who least deserve it? Although the Book of Job intends to put such inquires to rest, it is still an ironic ending that comes of it all. Answers are not imminent and the understanding of why God would allow such trials and tribulations into the lives of those who served him well remain a floating inquisition in even today's world.
Job took the opportunity of his demise to truly explore why God would do this and what would come of it. It was truly a time of reflection. When God appeared as Job was discussing these matters with his friends, Job took upon the notion to challenge God and His ways. He still remained loyal and trusting in God, but with some new questions that needed to be answered. He was battling for humanity in that he confronted the Lord with his own mortal views that he believed God could not understand. "Reversing the traditional wisdom of that asks us to look at things from the Deity's viewpoint, Job asks that God develop greater empathy for the human condition, experiencing his imperfect world as mortals must, without the divine prerogatives of omniscience, immortality, and immunity to pain" (Harris, 2007, pg. 254). This would be probably the only mark in biblical history in which one of God's people gives a hypothesis of discovery to God himself. It was a very interesting viewpoint that Job asked God to uphold, as we as people can experience love for others with an innate understanding of their circumstances if we open our hearts. Even our children have the benefit of our love with the unique position of understanding what it is like to be a child because we have been a child ourselves. However, God has not experienced being a human being. Although he created us, he has not had the opportunity to understand what it is like to be mortal and struggle with such concepts as good and evil. Perhaps this marked God's decision for Jesus to come to the earth, so that a bridge of understanding could be created between us and God Himself.
God appears to make no distinction between the good and bad; innocent or guilty (Harris, 2007, pg. 253). This may be the most troubling conquest that a Christian or interested party can exam. But God assures us in a simple way that His Creation of all people is that of one. We may separate ourselves by such denominations of good and evil, but God wants us to see things His way. Perhaps our duty here on earth is to concentrate on the unity of each other rather than our own lives. In other words, in God's eyes, we are as good as the most evil person on earth.
With the many perplexities surrounding the Book of Job, there are just as many theories that attempt to encapsulate the true meaning of Job and the nature of the God we call our own. Job was an incredible influence that impacted the way we see God and Satan; good and evil. Job had everything that anyone could possibly desire as a man of his time and with that came the assumption that such blessings were allowed solely on the basis of his integrity and loyalty to God. But when it came time to prove otherwise, Job did everything but weaken his position as a God-fearing man. With this strength came a philosophy of who God really is and what he expects from his people. As with the Bible as an entity in itself, many of these writings can be open to whatever interpretations allow. And as difficult as it is to discover the unorthodox truths behind the teachings of the Bible, it is clear that the purpose of such desire for learning is possibly the most significant ingredient in Christianity to date.
References
Lithicum, R. C. (1991). City of God, City of Satan. Michigan: Zondervan.
McDaniel, A. (2001) Truth for the World. Job: Why Do The Righteous Suffer? Retrieved
May 21, 2008, from http://www.tftw.org/courses/bcc_ots_l9.html
The Holy Bible, Red-Letter Text Edition. Nashville: Tennessee, 2003.
Sheldon, R. (2000). The Book of Job: A multiperspectival approach to the problem of
evil, The suffering of the righteous, and the justice of God. A theodicy. Job as Sacrifice of Suffering. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from http://www.rbsp.info/rbs/RbS/JOB/j25.html
Harris, S. L. (2007). Understanding the bible (7th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
Barker, K. L. (2002). Zondervan New International Version Study Bible. Michigan:
Zondervan.
McKenzie, J. L. (1995). Dictionary of The Bible. New York: Touchstone Books.
Life in the Slow Lane: Being a Mom in Utah
"An article I wrote for a local newspaper in which I was a featured column about being a mom in Utah. Fun stuff!" - Jeannette Villatoro
Life In the Slow Lane: Being a Mom in Utah
So, here I am relaxing on a lawn chair in the backyard. The sun is beating down ever so gently, an ice cold lemonade is in my hand, and a huge grin is on my face. I am watching my husband fight with the weed whacker, trying to get that little string to work. Now this is entertainment.
"Mommmm!" Oh no, what is it this time? Celina, my 6 year old daughter and oldest child runs to the backyard in a very authoritative fashion. "Mother! Oscar made bologna soup in my new shoe!" Now, raising four children can certainly make a gal quick-witted and fast on her toes, but I was finding it difficult to register this one. I reluctantly pop out of my chair and follow my daughter as she stomps up the stairs. When you are a mom, some things just require a visual explanation.
I finally arrive at the scene of the crime and I am shocked as to how accurate Celina's complaint really was. There it sat; her once pretty and pink princess shoe with a puddle of brown water and bits of bologna floating around. The first thing that comes to mind is hiding my impending smirk and maintaining a serious poker face as I know Celina would expect. The second thing is what on earth made Oscar, my 5 year old son, think up this catastrophe? Well, I am sure you moms out there can agree that sometimes, just sometimes, it is better not to ask.
This soft and easy Saturday morning has inevitably turned into a circus. I take Celina's shoe and dump out the mess in the grass, letting my two vacuum cleaners that are shaped like dogs eat up all the evidence. My identical twin girls Skylar and Madison, 3 years old and my youngest munchkins, stand in the yard and giggle at Daddy while he frowns and struggles with that silly yard machine. As I am picking up the random toys scattered in the backyard, I look up at my twins, smile, and put my head back down as I finish my chore. "Wait a second!" I quickly look back up and try to make sense of what I just saw. "Madison Ava and Skylar Mia! You girls come here right now!" As they slowly scoot toward me, looking guilty and holding hands, I see that my eyes were not playing tricks on me. My twin girls had powdery white hair and skin. "Who did this?", I asked with my hands on my hips. Pointing at each other, they answered as they always do, in unison of course, "The baby did it!" I stood there trying to look upset when suddenly my twins cock their heads to the side, smile a sweet little smile, and deliver their stock reply whenever they get into trouble; "Are you happy to me now?" Later as I was tidying up our bathroom, I noticed that my husband's new bottle of foot powder was entirely empty.
Isn't being a mom precious? Well, yes it is. Our homes appear so quiet and peaceful from the neighbor's view on the outside, but on the inside we are wranglers of chaos, menders of dresses, shhhushers of screams, pirates, chefs, and the apples of our husband's eye. I will be writing about my many adventures as a stay-at-home mother living in Utah.
Thank you for reading, and remember: Keep a smile on your face, a kiss planted on your husband's lips and a hug always ready for your kids!
By: Jeannette Villatoro © 2008
Life In the Slow Lane: Being a Mom in Utah
So, here I am relaxing on a lawn chair in the backyard. The sun is beating down ever so gently, an ice cold lemonade is in my hand, and a huge grin is on my face. I am watching my husband fight with the weed whacker, trying to get that little string to work. Now this is entertainment.
"Mommmm!" Oh no, what is it this time? Celina, my 6 year old daughter and oldest child runs to the backyard in a very authoritative fashion. "Mother! Oscar made bologna soup in my new shoe!" Now, raising four children can certainly make a gal quick-witted and fast on her toes, but I was finding it difficult to register this one. I reluctantly pop out of my chair and follow my daughter as she stomps up the stairs. When you are a mom, some things just require a visual explanation.
I finally arrive at the scene of the crime and I am shocked as to how accurate Celina's complaint really was. There it sat; her once pretty and pink princess shoe with a puddle of brown water and bits of bologna floating around. The first thing that comes to mind is hiding my impending smirk and maintaining a serious poker face as I know Celina would expect. The second thing is what on earth made Oscar, my 5 year old son, think up this catastrophe? Well, I am sure you moms out there can agree that sometimes, just sometimes, it is better not to ask.
This soft and easy Saturday morning has inevitably turned into a circus. I take Celina's shoe and dump out the mess in the grass, letting my two vacuum cleaners that are shaped like dogs eat up all the evidence. My identical twin girls Skylar and Madison, 3 years old and my youngest munchkins, stand in the yard and giggle at Daddy while he frowns and struggles with that silly yard machine. As I am picking up the random toys scattered in the backyard, I look up at my twins, smile, and put my head back down as I finish my chore. "Wait a second!" I quickly look back up and try to make sense of what I just saw. "Madison Ava and Skylar Mia! You girls come here right now!" As they slowly scoot toward me, looking guilty and holding hands, I see that my eyes were not playing tricks on me. My twin girls had powdery white hair and skin. "Who did this?", I asked with my hands on my hips. Pointing at each other, they answered as they always do, in unison of course, "The baby did it!" I stood there trying to look upset when suddenly my twins cock their heads to the side, smile a sweet little smile, and deliver their stock reply whenever they get into trouble; "Are you happy to me now?" Later as I was tidying up our bathroom, I noticed that my husband's new bottle of foot powder was entirely empty.
Isn't being a mom precious? Well, yes it is. Our homes appear so quiet and peaceful from the neighbor's view on the outside, but on the inside we are wranglers of chaos, menders of dresses, shhhushers of screams, pirates, chefs, and the apples of our husband's eye. I will be writing about my many adventures as a stay-at-home mother living in Utah.
Thank you for reading, and remember: Keep a smile on your face, a kiss planted on your husband's lips and a hug always ready for your kids!
By: Jeannette Villatoro © 2008
Like The Wind
Like the Wind
Like a rainbow appearing after a storm, like the happiness after the strife
The existence of love is never unseen, and a lover is dreamt into life
It is love that I speak of so tenderly now
And it has found its way into my heart.
Like the wind that knocks into the trees and carries the leaves astray,
The spirit of love can shake the soul in such a similar way
The powerful branches are swayed and caressed
And the brittle remains of a broken heart are forever forgotten.
Similar to how magnets are made solely to collide
Two wandering souls are connected before they knowingly abide
A strong force resists the power to separate
And two people find themselves becoming one metaphysical being.
Just as the pure white snow blankets the earth with promising care
True love will always protect the heart from damage, neglect or fear
The sparkling snow is soft to the touch
And the serene nature of love will never weigh heavily.
Similar to dormant waters rippled by the passing rain
The heart is renewed by a pattern of kindness and a passion forever untamed
The tide is calm with a new direction.
And two lives are enraptured by a destiny withheld.
Like the body embracing the rhythm of music, like the mind being fed with a beautiful poem
The soul is captured by the essence of giving and no longer shall it wander this earth alone.
It is love that I speak of so tenderly now
And it has found its way into your heart.
By Jeannette Villatoro © July 2008
Like a rainbow appearing after a storm, like the happiness after the strife
The existence of love is never unseen, and a lover is dreamt into life
It is love that I speak of so tenderly now
And it has found its way into my heart.
Like the wind that knocks into the trees and carries the leaves astray,
The spirit of love can shake the soul in such a similar way
The powerful branches are swayed and caressed
And the brittle remains of a broken heart are forever forgotten.
Similar to how magnets are made solely to collide
Two wandering souls are connected before they knowingly abide
A strong force resists the power to separate
And two people find themselves becoming one metaphysical being.
Just as the pure white snow blankets the earth with promising care
True love will always protect the heart from damage, neglect or fear
The sparkling snow is soft to the touch
And the serene nature of love will never weigh heavily.
Similar to dormant waters rippled by the passing rain
The heart is renewed by a pattern of kindness and a passion forever untamed
The tide is calm with a new direction.
And two lives are enraptured by a destiny withheld.
Like the body embracing the rhythm of music, like the mind being fed with a beautiful poem
The soul is captured by the essence of giving and no longer shall it wander this earth alone.
It is love that I speak of so tenderly now
And it has found its way into your heart.
By Jeannette Villatoro © July 2008
Population Control
"An assignment I wrote about the population debate." - Jeannette Villatoro
Population Control
Populations are growing in vast numbers and are becoming alarming to many scientists. Is the earth big enough to accommodate this many people? And furthermore, if the earth reaches its carrying capacity, will life be worth living? Some believe that overpopulation is a dire threat, whereas some, like Stephen Moore, believe that "the overpopulation crisis is a hoax (cited from Easton, T., 2006, pg. 227). Wherever one's belief truly lies, it may be safe to say it is a topic worth exploring.
With the aspects of population bringing growth to a maximum, such as higher life expectancy, economic and social conditions, and high fertility rates, the issue of controlling populations is become a major concern. There are many ways to decrease population growth. Birth control methods and education about family planning proved to effectively reduce the population in parts of India (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008, ). Incentives given by government to minimize family size may also be an answer. However, the problems with these techniques is that they are questionable and challenge human rights, freedom, and attack social, political, and religious issues that are usually connected to a person's choice to procreate (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008 ).
Another question is whether it is our place to reduce population growth. Is it really evident that our earth cannot handle more population? Are resources really lacking or are they just unbalanced between developed and so-called undeveloped nations? The need for reducing populations can also be challenged by the earth's way of depleting populations, such as disease, famine and plagues. Even our own social actions have greatly reduced population growth, such as war, abortion, and the killing of individuals in society.
Because of all the associated factors with population growth, it is very difficult to say what the best method for controlling it is. I would endorse more countries taking socially positive steps such as helping families gain better education and offering support services for family planning, so that individuals can marry their own beliefs of procreation with new education provided to them, and come up with the best solution. I would also say that creating a better balance of resources to other places in the world would help, even if that means some fortunate nations suffering less to give more to others without. This would help eliminate the urgency of our concerns with population growth. It may even promote less population growth, as there may be fewer children born because survival rates would be greater.
References
Cunningham, W., Cunningham, C., (2008). Principles of environmental science: inquiry and applications. McGraw Hill.
Easton, T., (2006). Taking Sides: casting views on controversial environmental issues.. McGraw Hill.
Population Control
Populations are growing in vast numbers and are becoming alarming to many scientists. Is the earth big enough to accommodate this many people? And furthermore, if the earth reaches its carrying capacity, will life be worth living? Some believe that overpopulation is a dire threat, whereas some, like Stephen Moore, believe that "the overpopulation crisis is a hoax (cited from Easton, T., 2006, pg. 227). Wherever one's belief truly lies, it may be safe to say it is a topic worth exploring.
With the aspects of population bringing growth to a maximum, such as higher life expectancy, economic and social conditions, and high fertility rates, the issue of controlling populations is become a major concern. There are many ways to decrease population growth. Birth control methods and education about family planning proved to effectively reduce the population in parts of India (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008, ). Incentives given by government to minimize family size may also be an answer. However, the problems with these techniques is that they are questionable and challenge human rights, freedom, and attack social, political, and religious issues that are usually connected to a person's choice to procreate (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008 ).
Another question is whether it is our place to reduce population growth. Is it really evident that our earth cannot handle more population? Are resources really lacking or are they just unbalanced between developed and so-called undeveloped nations? The need for reducing populations can also be challenged by the earth's way of depleting populations, such as disease, famine and plagues. Even our own social actions have greatly reduced population growth, such as war, abortion, and the killing of individuals in society.
Because of all the associated factors with population growth, it is very difficult to say what the best method for controlling it is. I would endorse more countries taking socially positive steps such as helping families gain better education and offering support services for family planning, so that individuals can marry their own beliefs of procreation with new education provided to them, and come up with the best solution. I would also say that creating a better balance of resources to other places in the world would help, even if that means some fortunate nations suffering less to give more to others without. This would help eliminate the urgency of our concerns with population growth. It may even promote less population growth, as there may be fewer children born because survival rates would be greater.
References
Cunningham, W., Cunningham, C., (2008). Principles of environmental science: inquiry and applications. McGraw Hill.
Easton, T., (2006). Taking Sides: casting views on controversial environmental issues.. McGraw Hill.
Natural Selection
"An assignment I wrote on role of natural selection in evolution and what role it plays in environmental science." - Jeannette Villatoro
Natural Selection
Perhaps few theories are as controversial as evolution and the theory of natural selection. With that said, natural selection as it pertains to environmental science has become an intriguing solution to some of the various complexities that nature has displayed.
Natural selection promotes an understanding of the ever-changing genetics that can occur among species. According to the natural selection theory, species mutant according to their environment so that the more advanced genetic traits win out for the best opportunities for survival (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008). The role that this plays in evolution is fundamental, in that it supports the evolvement of species. Changes occur and develop to allow adaption to harsher environments or competitors in the environment (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008). Charles Darwin made his observations that led to the theory of evolution based on differentiating physical traits and behaviors of same species.
Through natural selection, certain species or organisms that have better or more advanced genetic traits have a better chance of living abundantly. This affects the ecosystem of certain environments and the population of species. This also promotes the advancement of superior species throughout various ecosystems, making the world more productive. This process could also ultimately result in new species after continuous mutations occur, which would also seemingly effect ecosystems.
Natural selection has proved to be a fascinating discovery and a theory that has led to many other realizations about our environment. The way that a species adapts to it's environment and how it evolves certain fundamental traits for better adaption for future generations helps in the overall understanding of factors that contribute to environmental science.
References
Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M. (2008) Principles of environmental science (4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Natural Selection
Perhaps few theories are as controversial as evolution and the theory of natural selection. With that said, natural selection as it pertains to environmental science has become an intriguing solution to some of the various complexities that nature has displayed.
Natural selection promotes an understanding of the ever-changing genetics that can occur among species. According to the natural selection theory, species mutant according to their environment so that the more advanced genetic traits win out for the best opportunities for survival (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008). The role that this plays in evolution is fundamental, in that it supports the evolvement of species. Changes occur and develop to allow adaption to harsher environments or competitors in the environment (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008). Charles Darwin made his observations that led to the theory of evolution based on differentiating physical traits and behaviors of same species.
Through natural selection, certain species or organisms that have better or more advanced genetic traits have a better chance of living abundantly. This affects the ecosystem of certain environments and the population of species. This also promotes the advancement of superior species throughout various ecosystems, making the world more productive. This process could also ultimately result in new species after continuous mutations occur, which would also seemingly effect ecosystems.
Natural selection has proved to be a fascinating discovery and a theory that has led to many other realizations about our environment. The way that a species adapts to it's environment and how it evolves certain fundamental traits for better adaption for future generations helps in the overall understanding of factors that contribute to environmental science.
References
Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M. (2008) Principles of environmental science (4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
The Holocaust
"An assignment I wrote on the devastating Holocaust and its effect on America". - Jeannette Villatoro
The Holocaust
The Holocaust marks the most devastating, gruesome and tragic times in history. Never has there been a more horrific display of cruelty and madness. Perhaps one of the most perplexing questions pertaining to the Holocaust was how it could have happened. I tend to believe that it was not so far fetched and that indeed this monumental display of evil is very possible as we have witnessed in the history of our own country.
Slavery can be compared to the horrors of the Holocaust. It exemplifies the same bigoted beliefs that one race is superior to another and that man has the determination and ability to annihilate human beings on the basis of these radical beliefs. Although different countries were represented in these travesties, the unique fiber of how they came to pass is similar. The juxtaposition of these two anomalies shows that human behavior can define the makings of horrid actions.
Hitler was a powerful monarch and a very influential leader. With his stern and brusque manner he conquered millions and organized an unimaginable war against others. For many, his expressions became truth, not unlike a religion that takes shape and gains many followers. The power of strong messages and representation can mean the destruction for civilians anywhere. And for the Jewish people, it had.
Unfortunately, the assistance and alliance of other nations was lacking despite the desperate need for a peaceful intrusion. The United States could have helped tremendously, but as the clock was ticking away and lives were being lost, the U.S. was holding back due to the concern for its own betterment as a nation. Immigration was a major focus of apprehension as it had become a problem recently in the United States. Many Americans feared that allowing Jews to migrate would cause loss in jobs for natives and crowding in the country (Davdison, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008). Anti-Semitism was also a huge factor in this propaganda. Secretary of State Breckinridge Long showed obvious signs of bigotry while addressing the issues of the Holocaust (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008). Many Americans undoubtedly adopted the same fears and prejudices as the country itself was still healing and trying to make sense of the previous displays of hatred toward the African American race. Furthermore, these were strenuous circumstances and it was difficult for the U.S. to come up with a plan and to decide how to execute the delivery.
Americans did not put pressure on the Roosevelt administration due to fear and uncertainty. It seemed that this crisis was not a priority for the United States. The devastation of the Holocaust, however, bled deeply into the veins of American life soon after the end of such travails. The only way to overcome the revulsion of this traumatic event in our history is to study it thoroughly and keep it in the minds of new generations. Because we are still dealing with many of the issues that either led to or became a result of the Holocaust such as bigotry and immigration challenges, there is likely a chance for another occurrence of something of this magnitude to erupt.
References
Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff (2008). Nation of nations: a narrative history of the American Republic (6th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
The United Stated Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2008). http://www.ushmm.org/holocaust/
The Holocaust
The Holocaust marks the most devastating, gruesome and tragic times in history. Never has there been a more horrific display of cruelty and madness. Perhaps one of the most perplexing questions pertaining to the Holocaust was how it could have happened. I tend to believe that it was not so far fetched and that indeed this monumental display of evil is very possible as we have witnessed in the history of our own country.
Slavery can be compared to the horrors of the Holocaust. It exemplifies the same bigoted beliefs that one race is superior to another and that man has the determination and ability to annihilate human beings on the basis of these radical beliefs. Although different countries were represented in these travesties, the unique fiber of how they came to pass is similar. The juxtaposition of these two anomalies shows that human behavior can define the makings of horrid actions.
Hitler was a powerful monarch and a very influential leader. With his stern and brusque manner he conquered millions and organized an unimaginable war against others. For many, his expressions became truth, not unlike a religion that takes shape and gains many followers. The power of strong messages and representation can mean the destruction for civilians anywhere. And for the Jewish people, it had.
Unfortunately, the assistance and alliance of other nations was lacking despite the desperate need for a peaceful intrusion. The United States could have helped tremendously, but as the clock was ticking away and lives were being lost, the U.S. was holding back due to the concern for its own betterment as a nation. Immigration was a major focus of apprehension as it had become a problem recently in the United States. Many Americans feared that allowing Jews to migrate would cause loss in jobs for natives and crowding in the country (Davdison, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008). Anti-Semitism was also a huge factor in this propaganda. Secretary of State Breckinridge Long showed obvious signs of bigotry while addressing the issues of the Holocaust (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008). Many Americans undoubtedly adopted the same fears and prejudices as the country itself was still healing and trying to make sense of the previous displays of hatred toward the African American race. Furthermore, these were strenuous circumstances and it was difficult for the U.S. to come up with a plan and to decide how to execute the delivery.
Americans did not put pressure on the Roosevelt administration due to fear and uncertainty. It seemed that this crisis was not a priority for the United States. The devastation of the Holocaust, however, bled deeply into the veins of American life soon after the end of such travails. The only way to overcome the revulsion of this traumatic event in our history is to study it thoroughly and keep it in the minds of new generations. Because we are still dealing with many of the issues that either led to or became a result of the Holocaust such as bigotry and immigration challenges, there is likely a chance for another occurrence of something of this magnitude to erupt.
References
Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff (2008). Nation of nations: a narrative history of the American Republic (6th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
The United Stated Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2008). http://www.ushmm.org/holocaust/
The Basic Elements of Behavior
The Basic Elements of Behavior
Jeannette Villatoro
PYB0844A
Dr. Jimletta Vareene-Thomas
November 5, 2008
The Basic Elements of Behavior
Neurons are intricate little nerve cells with complex structures that aid in many pertinent functions of the body. The communication and operation of neurons are harmonious in helping the nervous system to work properly. These fascinating nerve units contribute to the basic elements of behavior which are dependant on the operation and communication of the neuron.
There are various types of neurons in the body. However, they have a similar makeup. Each neuron has a cell body that has a nucleus, and that nucleus is the center point of how the neuron functions (Feldman, 2008). Glial cells hold the neurons in place and aid in nourishing the neuron as well as providing reparation to damage (cited from Feldman, 2008, pg. 61).
Cell bodies of neurons are made up of several structures that enable neurons to communicate effectively. The dendrite fibers receive messages from other neurons while the axons transmit messages, making the neuron a unique contender in the world of cells (Geyer, M., 2007). The terminal buttons at the end of an axon have the sole purpose of completing the message transaction to another neuron. These messages are purely electrical in nature. Therefore, the axon is protected by the myelin sheath to provide insulation (Feldman, 2008). Neurons fire with a process called action potential, in which delivers an electrical charge through the axon. The action potential is initiated by a chemical message attached to a receptor (Geyer, M., 2008). Before this process, a neuron is in a resting state with a negative charge and as the action potential travels through it, a positive charge ensues (Feldman, 2008).
When a nerve impulse is delivered through a neuron, it reaches the terminal buttons in which a neurotransmitter is delivered. These neurotransmitters are the core to neuron communication that bridges the gap between the synapse, the space between neurons (Feldman, 2008). Neurotransmitters have an abundant possibility of various messages that can be delivered, but not all neurons can receive these messages. Because of this, a sort of regulatory method is applied to ensure that the proper messages go to the correct neurons so that an action will be possible. If a receiving impulse fits correctly with a neuron, it is an excitatory message that elicits reaction. On the contrary, if the receiving neuron is not capable of handling such a message, it is inhibitory and cannot cause any action to occur (Feldman, 2008).
While neurons help to control voluntary movements throughout the body such as catching a ball or picking up a glass to drink from, involuntary actions are also handled through the operation and communication of neurons. Breathing, blinking, and maintaining a steady heart beat are also possible because of the multifunction of neurons. If neurons fail to work properly, this can drastically inhibit the functionality of the human body. But besides preserving basic mobility, neurons assist in the very nature of the human being: behavior.
Neurotransmitters are incredible chemical couriers that help to control vital brain and bodily functions (Feldman, 2008). In addition, excess or deficiency linked in neurotransmitters can be contributed to the dysfunction or stability of human behavior. Many debilitating diseases and mental ailments have to do with too much production of compounds within a certain neurotransmitter as well as a lack of production. These kinds of problems lead to Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, depression, obesity and a myriad of several other serious conditions (Feldman, 2008).
In the simplest term possible, neurons can be considered as the basic elements of behavior because of their contribution to the workings of the mind and body. Basically, neurons tell our body what to do and how to execute actions. They provide a complex system of computing to allow complete functionality. The necessity of neurons and the messages they send and receive is apparent in the most mundane action of the human body up to the most elaborate thought process of the mind. With the complex nature of the operation of neurons and the communication that goes on between them, an organized system is in place that enables the mind and body to work congruously.
References
Feldman, R. (2008). Understanding Psychology (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
Geyer, M (2007). How neurons communicate. MIRECC MindView Newsletter Archive. Retrieved November 5, 2008, from http://www.desertpacific.mirecc.va.gov/mindview-archive/how-neurons- communicate-archive.shtml.
Jeannette Villatoro
PYB0844A
Dr. Jimletta Vareene-Thomas
November 5, 2008
The Basic Elements of Behavior
Neurons are intricate little nerve cells with complex structures that aid in many pertinent functions of the body. The communication and operation of neurons are harmonious in helping the nervous system to work properly. These fascinating nerve units contribute to the basic elements of behavior which are dependant on the operation and communication of the neuron.
There are various types of neurons in the body. However, they have a similar makeup. Each neuron has a cell body that has a nucleus, and that nucleus is the center point of how the neuron functions (Feldman, 2008). Glial cells hold the neurons in place and aid in nourishing the neuron as well as providing reparation to damage (cited from Feldman, 2008, pg. 61).
Cell bodies of neurons are made up of several structures that enable neurons to communicate effectively. The dendrite fibers receive messages from other neurons while the axons transmit messages, making the neuron a unique contender in the world of cells (Geyer, M., 2007). The terminal buttons at the end of an axon have the sole purpose of completing the message transaction to another neuron. These messages are purely electrical in nature. Therefore, the axon is protected by the myelin sheath to provide insulation (Feldman, 2008). Neurons fire with a process called action potential, in which delivers an electrical charge through the axon. The action potential is initiated by a chemical message attached to a receptor (Geyer, M., 2008). Before this process, a neuron is in a resting state with a negative charge and as the action potential travels through it, a positive charge ensues (Feldman, 2008).
When a nerve impulse is delivered through a neuron, it reaches the terminal buttons in which a neurotransmitter is delivered. These neurotransmitters are the core to neuron communication that bridges the gap between the synapse, the space between neurons (Feldman, 2008). Neurotransmitters have an abundant possibility of various messages that can be delivered, but not all neurons can receive these messages. Because of this, a sort of regulatory method is applied to ensure that the proper messages go to the correct neurons so that an action will be possible. If a receiving impulse fits correctly with a neuron, it is an excitatory message that elicits reaction. On the contrary, if the receiving neuron is not capable of handling such a message, it is inhibitory and cannot cause any action to occur (Feldman, 2008).
While neurons help to control voluntary movements throughout the body such as catching a ball or picking up a glass to drink from, involuntary actions are also handled through the operation and communication of neurons. Breathing, blinking, and maintaining a steady heart beat are also possible because of the multifunction of neurons. If neurons fail to work properly, this can drastically inhibit the functionality of the human body. But besides preserving basic mobility, neurons assist in the very nature of the human being: behavior.
Neurotransmitters are incredible chemical couriers that help to control vital brain and bodily functions (Feldman, 2008). In addition, excess or deficiency linked in neurotransmitters can be contributed to the dysfunction or stability of human behavior. Many debilitating diseases and mental ailments have to do with too much production of compounds within a certain neurotransmitter as well as a lack of production. These kinds of problems lead to Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, depression, obesity and a myriad of several other serious conditions (Feldman, 2008).
In the simplest term possible, neurons can be considered as the basic elements of behavior because of their contribution to the workings of the mind and body. Basically, neurons tell our body what to do and how to execute actions. They provide a complex system of computing to allow complete functionality. The necessity of neurons and the messages they send and receive is apparent in the most mundane action of the human body up to the most elaborate thought process of the mind. With the complex nature of the operation of neurons and the communication that goes on between them, an organized system is in place that enables the mind and body to work congruously.
References
Feldman, R. (2008). Understanding Psychology (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
Geyer, M (2007). How neurons communicate. MIRECC MindView Newsletter Archive. Retrieved November 5, 2008, from http://www.desertpacific.mirecc.va.gov/mindview-archive/how-neurons- communicate-archive.shtml.
Nature Vs. Nurture Theory
Nature versus Nurture Theory
Jeannette Villatoro
PYB0844A
Dr. Jimletta Vareene-Thomas
November 17, 2008
Nature versus Nurture Theory
Psychology is abundant with many theories of behavioral and mental processes. Some of these theories are contradictory while others compliment one another. It is important to understand all of these theories as well as their relationships with each other in order to study human behavior. Nature versus nurture is a particular theory that questions whether human behavior is predetermined by heredity or influences of the environment (Feldman, 2008). I will explore the theory of nature versus nurture, its effect on life and behavior, and how it applies to normal and abnormal psychology through the study of behavioral genetics.
Exploration of Nature Theory
Nature versus nurture delves into the deepest parallels of psychology as it applies to human nature. Perhaps one of the most sought after questions pertaining to the life cycle, this key issue in psychology asks whether heredity or environmental influences behavior.
Heredity is defined as “the transmission of such qualities from ancestor to descendant through the genes” (Webster, 2008, pg. 1). Behavior through heredity would mean that one’s actions and reactions are based on predetermined qualities from genes. This is a very significant theory, as human impulses and natural reactions to situations are supported by the belief that our genetic code generally alters these behaviors (Kearl, 2008).
Many instinctual behaviors are predetermined by heredity. The natural selection theory is one in which it is considered that “only the strong survive” (Donogan, 2008, pg. 1.) This theory was developed by psychologist Charles Darwin. It emphasizes the role of nature in development and focuses on the drive and needs of human beings. Those who lack little motivation or instincts to survive will have very little chance in being successful. Evolutionary theory suggests that nature has an enormous impact on the development of a child, both in prenatal and postnatal stages. A child may have obtained certain personality or behavioral traits that one parent displays. Bad temper or nervousness may be attributed to genes. But whatever traits or personal qualities that seem abundant through genetics can also be explained through environmental influences. This is what makes the study of psychology so difficult in determining whether nature or nurture presupposes how we mature and develop throughout the course of our lifetime.
Exploration of Nurture Theory
The Nurture theory challenges the nature theory by suggesting human behavior is influenced by one’s environment. How a person is raised, where they live and grow, and the surroundings they are accustomed helps shape them into the person they become. Nurture is defined as “the sum of the environmental factors influencing the behavior and traits expressed by an organism” (Webster, 2008, pg. 1).
If a child grows up in a volatile environment in which that child is poorly cared for, it is very likely that the child will have negative reactions to such an upbringing. Rebellion, anger, and resentment may be factors that affect a child in this situation. They may be less likely to be successful in life, and be prone to drug abuse or other unnatural ways of life. A child who is nurtured, loved, and cared for well is likely to grow up with positive attitudes about the world around them and do well in life. However, this theory cannot support itself on its own as there have been many children who grow up in bad environments that become healthy adults that contribute to society. There are also children who grow up in affluent households that turn to less desirable paths in life or have little drive to be successful. Because of these discrepancies, it is important to attribute both genetic and environmental factors in the development of human beings.
Theoretical Effects on Behavior
With the astounding discoveries of both nature and nurture, the significant exploration should be with how these effect behavior separately and cohesively. It is fairly obvious that it is neither one nor the other that predominantly control the human psyche, but both of these elements that help construct how people behave.
When focusing particular attention on genetics or nature in general, one must focus on several components of development such as instinctual behaviors and biological aspects. Nature theory encompasses the truth that we can “reproduce behaviors in successive generations of organisms” (Mansfield, 2008, pg. 1). The fact that we seek after certain breeds of dogs is an example of this phenomenon. One may desire a hunting dog so they might look for a Labrador Retriever or a Basset Hound, whereas someone who wants a dog with a predetermined trait of being a good watchdog might pursue obtaining a German Shepherd. These are examples of traits that are carried on genetically, and it exemplifies how human beings as well as other species obtain certain characteristics.
When it comes to environmental factors that can be considered nurture, there are certain factors that contribute to this theory such as the parents, schooling, and friends that a person has growing up. These compound issues reflect the importance of childhood and how life is perceived by the child. The role of parents is predominantly important when dealing with environmental influences on behavior and development. It is the parent whom cares for a child, nurtures that child, and provides a home environment. It is through that parent’s behavior that a child is exposed to and learns from. Also, the schooling that a child receives as well as the friends they choose have a major influence on how they behave and react to their environment. A child can come from a positive, loving home with copious religious and moral beliefs for example, and be influenced by friends who abuse drugs, skip school, and engage in sexual behavior. This child will be highly influenced by these external environmental factors and possibly become conflicted or troubled.
Additionally, it is intriguing to witness such phenomenon as a perceived learned behavioral being displayed exceptionally well by two related subjects. For example, Nat King Cole, a famous singer and producer, was known for his spellbinding music and sultry sounds. He changed the face of soul music and erased color lines in the entertainment industry. But beyond his talent at the business, his voice and magic behind the music is what reverberates among generations passed. The amazing quandary is that his daughter, Natalie Cole, has just as much a powerful voice and knack for producing compelling music as her father. Can this be mere coincidence or proof that such talent can be attributed to exceptional genes? Or does nurturing a particular talent that is evident in someone rank over the appearance of that genetic attribute, like how Tiger Wood’s father helped mold him into a winner based on his innate desire to play golf? It is apparent that both theories are necessary for growth and development, but the difficulty lies in discerning which theory wins over the other, even in the slightest terms.
I find this interesting in a personal standpoint because I am a mother. Parenthood is of sole importance in my life and remains the most influential role that I uphold. Being a mother allows me a vast array of perspectives into the ideals of nature versus nurture. I know who my children are; their strengths, weaknesses, and moral behaviors. I see kindness within them and a genuine care for others. All of these qualities they possess display their natural tendencies and are examples of biological factors that would be interpreted as the nature theory of development. I also witness the perils of our environment and how easily my children are influenced by external forces. Violence, sex, and socially unacceptable behavior are all flourishing in society. There are also positive things that children can soak in, yet they are rare. These are examples of the nurture theory as to the environmental forces that can either positively or negatively affect development. To suppose that a child is typically loved and cared for by a parent, it must still be taken into consideration that the peripheral influences of our environment have a huge bearing on how a child develops, and thus these influences essentially help to raise our children. Therefore, it is quite plausible to assume that there is a battle between nature and nurture as they pertain to development, almost as impactful as the battle between good and evil.
Application in Normal and Abnormal Psychology
How nature and nurture affect human behavior also relates to how they apply
to normal and abnormal psychology. This is an important issue to ponder not only for the understanding of individuals but society as a whole. If someone commits adultery, it can easily be argued that it is our natural tendencies as human beings to seek out as many mates as possible. On the other hand, if someone is being tried for murder, it can be suggested that the negative childhood they endured had a significant bearing on the emotional state of the accused and furthermore influenced the behaviors that lead to murder. These kinds of situations are just some examples of the many perplexities that exist in today’s world in relation to theories of
nature versus nurture.
Psychological diseases are also an important aspect of these developmental theories as many try to uncover whether heredity or environment contributes to many afflicting mental illnesses. Such illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia seem to be products of environmental proponents. Yet alcoholism has been studied since the 1970’s and results show that it can possibly be hereditary (Bjornsson, 2008). These anomalies collectively share components that can be attributed to both nature and nurture theories, thus bringing us closer to the understanding that we are affected by heredity just as strongly as our environment.
Homosexuality is another factor that is studied through theories of nature versus nurture. The question still remains whether sexuality is determined through genetics or external dynamics. Homosexuality, which was determined to be a mental illness long ago but was later dropped from that category by the American Psychological Association, is an example of how one’s tendencies or traits can be seemingly affected by both genetic and environmental authority. There has been evidence that certain brain structures differ in homosexual males compared to heterosexual males, such as the hypothalamus and the anterior commissure (Feldman, 2008, pg. 383). It has also been concluded that some people who alter their sexuality in life are influenced by environmental factors that change their views or tendencies toward other genders by way of learning theories and behaviors (Feldman, 2008). It has been proven only that both conceivable theories have impact on homosexuality rather than conclusive evidence toward one in particular.
One way psychologists are trying to understand how nature and nurture theories work within the developmental cycles of human beings is by conducting studies on twins. Identical twins are a sought after source for the study of psychology, particularly in the nature versus nurture theories of development. Identical twins are compelling examples of how one’s environment greatly effects a person’s development despite genetic factors.
Identical twins share the same genes and virtually have the same epigenetic markers. These markers essentially generate the power or effectiveness of certain heredity that is obtained (Bjornsson, 2008). Despite this phenomenon, identical twins change or adapt many traits due to environmental influences such as diet and lifestyle. Even certain diseases such as cancer, schizophrenia, and even obesity can be exposed in one identical twin and not the other (Bjornsson, 2008). This poses a fascinating discovery for psychologists who aim to discern the differences as well as likenesses that heredity and environment pose on development.
As a mother of identical twins, I have noticed amazing displays of both theories in my twins. Although my twin girls are identical in appearance and even share an uncanny amount of likes and dislikes, as they grow and evolve they seem to stray in certain areas. One of my twins likes the color yellow, while the other loves green. One twin is more prone to playing with dolls while the other loves to create artistic pictures and crafts. This is quite interesting because not only do they share the same genes, but they also share the same immediate environment as reflected in their home life. They have the same parents and siblings, the same house, they share the same bedroom with all the same toys, and they are exposed to the same stimuli. Yet, some things influence one twin in a greater capacity than the other and affects how they develop. This fascinating discovery of both personal experience matched with the various studies that have been executed on twins in regards to these theories brings the revelation that “if identical twins display different patterns of development, those differences have to be attributed to variations in the environment in which the twins were raised (Feldman, 2008, pg. 401)”. Yet even so, many identical twins that were raised in different environments due to being adopted into different families show substantial similarities in developmental patterns and choices in life. Again, the push and shove of heredity and environment show that both are quite significant pieces of the puzzle.
Conclusion
Both nature and nurture are fascinating aspects of development and have major influence on how a person develops and functions in life. Many aspects of development such as physical characteristics, intellectual characteristics, and emotional disorders are highly affected by heredity yet still have influence by many environmental issues (Feldman, 2008, pg. 400). However, it is becoming increasingly evident that neither factor is stronger than the other when determining development. A child can be innately born with many admirable qualities that can be tested by environmental influences that will either hinder or promote the progression of such qualities to flourish in society. In other words, nature versus nurture can easily work against each other in certain developmental circumstances. Therefore, psychologists are now accepting that our heredity and environmental influences work best when considered in a marriage of defining the works of human behavior. In essence, it is the balance of nature and nurture that help shape us into whom we are.
References
Bjornsson, H. (2008). Epigenetic markers change over a lifetime. Retrieved November,
28, 2008, from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/sep/2008/fallin.cfm.
Donogan, O. (2008). Theory of natural selection. Retrieved November 25, 2008, from
http://www.allaboutscience.org/theory-of-natural-selection-faq.htm.
Feldman, R. (2008). Understanding psychology (8th ed.) Boston: McGraw Hill.
Kearl, M. (2008). Nature v. nurture: how much free will do we really have?. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http://www.trinity.edu/mkearl/socpsy-2.html.
Mansfield, B. (2008). Behavioral genetics. Retrieved November, 28, 2008, from
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/behavior.shtml.
Webster, (2008). Definition from the Marriam-Webster online dictionary. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary.
Jeannette Villatoro
PYB0844A
Dr. Jimletta Vareene-Thomas
November 17, 2008
Nature versus Nurture Theory
Psychology is abundant with many theories of behavioral and mental processes. Some of these theories are contradictory while others compliment one another. It is important to understand all of these theories as well as their relationships with each other in order to study human behavior. Nature versus nurture is a particular theory that questions whether human behavior is predetermined by heredity or influences of the environment (Feldman, 2008). I will explore the theory of nature versus nurture, its effect on life and behavior, and how it applies to normal and abnormal psychology through the study of behavioral genetics.
Exploration of Nature Theory
Nature versus nurture delves into the deepest parallels of psychology as it applies to human nature. Perhaps one of the most sought after questions pertaining to the life cycle, this key issue in psychology asks whether heredity or environmental influences behavior.
Heredity is defined as “the transmission of such qualities from ancestor to descendant through the genes” (Webster, 2008, pg. 1). Behavior through heredity would mean that one’s actions and reactions are based on predetermined qualities from genes. This is a very significant theory, as human impulses and natural reactions to situations are supported by the belief that our genetic code generally alters these behaviors (Kearl, 2008).
Many instinctual behaviors are predetermined by heredity. The natural selection theory is one in which it is considered that “only the strong survive” (Donogan, 2008, pg. 1.) This theory was developed by psychologist Charles Darwin. It emphasizes the role of nature in development and focuses on the drive and needs of human beings. Those who lack little motivation or instincts to survive will have very little chance in being successful. Evolutionary theory suggests that nature has an enormous impact on the development of a child, both in prenatal and postnatal stages. A child may have obtained certain personality or behavioral traits that one parent displays. Bad temper or nervousness may be attributed to genes. But whatever traits or personal qualities that seem abundant through genetics can also be explained through environmental influences. This is what makes the study of psychology so difficult in determining whether nature or nurture presupposes how we mature and develop throughout the course of our lifetime.
Exploration of Nurture Theory
The Nurture theory challenges the nature theory by suggesting human behavior is influenced by one’s environment. How a person is raised, where they live and grow, and the surroundings they are accustomed helps shape them into the person they become. Nurture is defined as “the sum of the environmental factors influencing the behavior and traits expressed by an organism” (Webster, 2008, pg. 1).
If a child grows up in a volatile environment in which that child is poorly cared for, it is very likely that the child will have negative reactions to such an upbringing. Rebellion, anger, and resentment may be factors that affect a child in this situation. They may be less likely to be successful in life, and be prone to drug abuse or other unnatural ways of life. A child who is nurtured, loved, and cared for well is likely to grow up with positive attitudes about the world around them and do well in life. However, this theory cannot support itself on its own as there have been many children who grow up in bad environments that become healthy adults that contribute to society. There are also children who grow up in affluent households that turn to less desirable paths in life or have little drive to be successful. Because of these discrepancies, it is important to attribute both genetic and environmental factors in the development of human beings.
Theoretical Effects on Behavior
With the astounding discoveries of both nature and nurture, the significant exploration should be with how these effect behavior separately and cohesively. It is fairly obvious that it is neither one nor the other that predominantly control the human psyche, but both of these elements that help construct how people behave.
When focusing particular attention on genetics or nature in general, one must focus on several components of development such as instinctual behaviors and biological aspects. Nature theory encompasses the truth that we can “reproduce behaviors in successive generations of organisms” (Mansfield, 2008, pg. 1). The fact that we seek after certain breeds of dogs is an example of this phenomenon. One may desire a hunting dog so they might look for a Labrador Retriever or a Basset Hound, whereas someone who wants a dog with a predetermined trait of being a good watchdog might pursue obtaining a German Shepherd. These are examples of traits that are carried on genetically, and it exemplifies how human beings as well as other species obtain certain characteristics.
When it comes to environmental factors that can be considered nurture, there are certain factors that contribute to this theory such as the parents, schooling, and friends that a person has growing up. These compound issues reflect the importance of childhood and how life is perceived by the child. The role of parents is predominantly important when dealing with environmental influences on behavior and development. It is the parent whom cares for a child, nurtures that child, and provides a home environment. It is through that parent’s behavior that a child is exposed to and learns from. Also, the schooling that a child receives as well as the friends they choose have a major influence on how they behave and react to their environment. A child can come from a positive, loving home with copious religious and moral beliefs for example, and be influenced by friends who abuse drugs, skip school, and engage in sexual behavior. This child will be highly influenced by these external environmental factors and possibly become conflicted or troubled.
Additionally, it is intriguing to witness such phenomenon as a perceived learned behavioral being displayed exceptionally well by two related subjects. For example, Nat King Cole, a famous singer and producer, was known for his spellbinding music and sultry sounds. He changed the face of soul music and erased color lines in the entertainment industry. But beyond his talent at the business, his voice and magic behind the music is what reverberates among generations passed. The amazing quandary is that his daughter, Natalie Cole, has just as much a powerful voice and knack for producing compelling music as her father. Can this be mere coincidence or proof that such talent can be attributed to exceptional genes? Or does nurturing a particular talent that is evident in someone rank over the appearance of that genetic attribute, like how Tiger Wood’s father helped mold him into a winner based on his innate desire to play golf? It is apparent that both theories are necessary for growth and development, but the difficulty lies in discerning which theory wins over the other, even in the slightest terms.
I find this interesting in a personal standpoint because I am a mother. Parenthood is of sole importance in my life and remains the most influential role that I uphold. Being a mother allows me a vast array of perspectives into the ideals of nature versus nurture. I know who my children are; their strengths, weaknesses, and moral behaviors. I see kindness within them and a genuine care for others. All of these qualities they possess display their natural tendencies and are examples of biological factors that would be interpreted as the nature theory of development. I also witness the perils of our environment and how easily my children are influenced by external forces. Violence, sex, and socially unacceptable behavior are all flourishing in society. There are also positive things that children can soak in, yet they are rare. These are examples of the nurture theory as to the environmental forces that can either positively or negatively affect development. To suppose that a child is typically loved and cared for by a parent, it must still be taken into consideration that the peripheral influences of our environment have a huge bearing on how a child develops, and thus these influences essentially help to raise our children. Therefore, it is quite plausible to assume that there is a battle between nature and nurture as they pertain to development, almost as impactful as the battle between good and evil.
Application in Normal and Abnormal Psychology
How nature and nurture affect human behavior also relates to how they apply
to normal and abnormal psychology. This is an important issue to ponder not only for the understanding of individuals but society as a whole. If someone commits adultery, it can easily be argued that it is our natural tendencies as human beings to seek out as many mates as possible. On the other hand, if someone is being tried for murder, it can be suggested that the negative childhood they endured had a significant bearing on the emotional state of the accused and furthermore influenced the behaviors that lead to murder. These kinds of situations are just some examples of the many perplexities that exist in today’s world in relation to theories of
nature versus nurture.
Psychological diseases are also an important aspect of these developmental theories as many try to uncover whether heredity or environment contributes to many afflicting mental illnesses. Such illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia seem to be products of environmental proponents. Yet alcoholism has been studied since the 1970’s and results show that it can possibly be hereditary (Bjornsson, 2008). These anomalies collectively share components that can be attributed to both nature and nurture theories, thus bringing us closer to the understanding that we are affected by heredity just as strongly as our environment.
Homosexuality is another factor that is studied through theories of nature versus nurture. The question still remains whether sexuality is determined through genetics or external dynamics. Homosexuality, which was determined to be a mental illness long ago but was later dropped from that category by the American Psychological Association, is an example of how one’s tendencies or traits can be seemingly affected by both genetic and environmental authority. There has been evidence that certain brain structures differ in homosexual males compared to heterosexual males, such as the hypothalamus and the anterior commissure (Feldman, 2008, pg. 383). It has also been concluded that some people who alter their sexuality in life are influenced by environmental factors that change their views or tendencies toward other genders by way of learning theories and behaviors (Feldman, 2008). It has been proven only that both conceivable theories have impact on homosexuality rather than conclusive evidence toward one in particular.
One way psychologists are trying to understand how nature and nurture theories work within the developmental cycles of human beings is by conducting studies on twins. Identical twins are a sought after source for the study of psychology, particularly in the nature versus nurture theories of development. Identical twins are compelling examples of how one’s environment greatly effects a person’s development despite genetic factors.
Identical twins share the same genes and virtually have the same epigenetic markers. These markers essentially generate the power or effectiveness of certain heredity that is obtained (Bjornsson, 2008). Despite this phenomenon, identical twins change or adapt many traits due to environmental influences such as diet and lifestyle. Even certain diseases such as cancer, schizophrenia, and even obesity can be exposed in one identical twin and not the other (Bjornsson, 2008). This poses a fascinating discovery for psychologists who aim to discern the differences as well as likenesses that heredity and environment pose on development.
As a mother of identical twins, I have noticed amazing displays of both theories in my twins. Although my twin girls are identical in appearance and even share an uncanny amount of likes and dislikes, as they grow and evolve they seem to stray in certain areas. One of my twins likes the color yellow, while the other loves green. One twin is more prone to playing with dolls while the other loves to create artistic pictures and crafts. This is quite interesting because not only do they share the same genes, but they also share the same immediate environment as reflected in their home life. They have the same parents and siblings, the same house, they share the same bedroom with all the same toys, and they are exposed to the same stimuli. Yet, some things influence one twin in a greater capacity than the other and affects how they develop. This fascinating discovery of both personal experience matched with the various studies that have been executed on twins in regards to these theories brings the revelation that “if identical twins display different patterns of development, those differences have to be attributed to variations in the environment in which the twins were raised (Feldman, 2008, pg. 401)”. Yet even so, many identical twins that were raised in different environments due to being adopted into different families show substantial similarities in developmental patterns and choices in life. Again, the push and shove of heredity and environment show that both are quite significant pieces of the puzzle.
Conclusion
Both nature and nurture are fascinating aspects of development and have major influence on how a person develops and functions in life. Many aspects of development such as physical characteristics, intellectual characteristics, and emotional disorders are highly affected by heredity yet still have influence by many environmental issues (Feldman, 2008, pg. 400). However, it is becoming increasingly evident that neither factor is stronger than the other when determining development. A child can be innately born with many admirable qualities that can be tested by environmental influences that will either hinder or promote the progression of such qualities to flourish in society. In other words, nature versus nurture can easily work against each other in certain developmental circumstances. Therefore, psychologists are now accepting that our heredity and environmental influences work best when considered in a marriage of defining the works of human behavior. In essence, it is the balance of nature and nurture that help shape us into whom we are.
References
Bjornsson, H. (2008). Epigenetic markers change over a lifetime. Retrieved November,
28, 2008, from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/sep/2008/fallin.cfm.
Donogan, O. (2008). Theory of natural selection. Retrieved November 25, 2008, from
http://www.allaboutscience.org/theory-of-natural-selection-faq.htm.
Feldman, R. (2008). Understanding psychology (8th ed.) Boston: McGraw Hill.
Kearl, M. (2008). Nature v. nurture: how much free will do we really have?. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http://www.trinity.edu/mkearl/socpsy-2.html.
Mansfield, B. (2008). Behavioral genetics. Retrieved November, 28, 2008, from
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/behavior.shtml.
Webster, (2008). Definition from the Marriam-Webster online dictionary. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary.
Extinction
"An assignment I composed in Environmental Science". - Jeannette Villatoro
Extinction
We look at extinction as both a fascinating anomaly of life and a sorrowful reality. Dinosaurs are still a main interest among humans, as the mere thought of such glorious creatures existing boggles the mind. It is sad to know that they were completely eradicated from this earth; however, we also know that if they continued to exist, humans probably would not. So how do we balance the understanding that extinction is a necessary means to a point as well as a major crisis for our biodiversity?
Extinction should be a concern for all of us. Although it is a natural process, the rate in which extinction has increased is alarming (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008). It is evident that extinction has been exasperated by the human population. With our continued molestation of our environment and the abundant resources we have been given, it is clear that we are taking a toll on most life forms that exist around us. Not only do these organisms and species have a right to maintain their natural life processes, but they are completely necessary for the cycle of life in all aspects to succeed: including humans.
But how does the human population reduce the usage of natural resources and the destruction of certain habitats and still sustain the ever-growing human population that these resources support? And furthermore, how do we change the ways in which we solicit natural resources in a manner that will not disparage the environmental ecosystems further? These are not easy question to answer, but clearly, they have been generally ignored or put aside for life as we know it to continue. Unfortunately, life has not gone on as planned, and there have been serious repercussions.
The biodiversity of our planet is what makes Earth beautiful, lively, and most importantly, functioning. Logging, milling, harsh methods of fishing, and farming have all contributed greatly to the extinction rate along with the minimization of certain habitats (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008). All life is interdependent, and the interruption of natural processes has proved to be a vital degradation to our well being.
Perhaps it is sad to realize that maybe we won't know how difficult it will become to sustain positive environmental structures until they are disrupted so badly there is no solution. Once the spotted owl is extinct, only the shadow of his beauty will remain. But even more disturbing is the reason for his dismissal, or any other endangered species, and our direct involvement of this happening. Even the loss of seemingly unimportant organisms like phytoplankton will greatly affect life for us all. Whatever the components (as there are many) of the magic that produces this disappearing act, it is quite obvious that they must be understood and corrected before the main predictor of sustainable life on this earth is lost: diversity.
References
Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., (2008). Principles of environmental science: inquiry and applications. McGraw Hill.
Extinction
We look at extinction as both a fascinating anomaly of life and a sorrowful reality. Dinosaurs are still a main interest among humans, as the mere thought of such glorious creatures existing boggles the mind. It is sad to know that they were completely eradicated from this earth; however, we also know that if they continued to exist, humans probably would not. So how do we balance the understanding that extinction is a necessary means to a point as well as a major crisis for our biodiversity?
Extinction should be a concern for all of us. Although it is a natural process, the rate in which extinction has increased is alarming (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008). It is evident that extinction has been exasperated by the human population. With our continued molestation of our environment and the abundant resources we have been given, it is clear that we are taking a toll on most life forms that exist around us. Not only do these organisms and species have a right to maintain their natural life processes, but they are completely necessary for the cycle of life in all aspects to succeed: including humans.
But how does the human population reduce the usage of natural resources and the destruction of certain habitats and still sustain the ever-growing human population that these resources support? And furthermore, how do we change the ways in which we solicit natural resources in a manner that will not disparage the environmental ecosystems further? These are not easy question to answer, but clearly, they have been generally ignored or put aside for life as we know it to continue. Unfortunately, life has not gone on as planned, and there have been serious repercussions.
The biodiversity of our planet is what makes Earth beautiful, lively, and most importantly, functioning. Logging, milling, harsh methods of fishing, and farming have all contributed greatly to the extinction rate along with the minimization of certain habitats (Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., 2008). All life is interdependent, and the interruption of natural processes has proved to be a vital degradation to our well being.
Perhaps it is sad to realize that maybe we won't know how difficult it will become to sustain positive environmental structures until they are disrupted so badly there is no solution. Once the spotted owl is extinct, only the shadow of his beauty will remain. But even more disturbing is the reason for his dismissal, or any other endangered species, and our direct involvement of this happening. Even the loss of seemingly unimportant organisms like phytoplankton will greatly affect life for us all. Whatever the components (as there are many) of the magic that produces this disappearing act, it is quite obvious that they must be understood and corrected before the main predictor of sustainable life on this earth is lost: diversity.
References
Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., (2008). Principles of environmental science: inquiry and applications. McGraw Hill.
How Literature Reflects Communities
How Literature Reflects Communities
Jeannette Villatoro
GSH0829B
Paula Johnson-Nash
July 21, 2008
How Literature Reflects Communities
Literature has been a vital and impacting part of culture since language was adapted and artfully used for communication. Literature can reach inside a reader and touch them in a powerful way. Literature can also demand critical thinking for subject matters that are foreign to some readers. One of the most important aspects of literary creation is to help human beings connect to and understand other people with different backgrounds, cultures, and lifestyles.
Literature is vivid with its descriptions and adaptations of different communities. A reader can be enlightened by reading a story that involves the relationships between societies of people. As a reader, we learn about other ways of life and how it contrasts with our own. We learn compassion and gain intellectual perceptions of others. Whether a story we read is fiction or truth, the components of literature have a way of reaching out and impacting our thinking process no matter how fantastical the story may be.
In Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, the reader is immediately spun into an amazing dream-like world in which a normal, everyday, and perhaps even dull man is turned into a humongous insect (DiYanni, 2007, pg. 612). What is soon becomes the most intriguing facet of this story is the depth of his life rather than him becoming a bug. This man cared for his family with a strong intensity. He paid off his father’s debts by working hard every day and providing a life for his parents and sister that they could not otherwise afford (Diyanni, 2007, pg. 613). Never once did he complain about this apparent injustice. Instead, he took it with stride and continued to gleefully embrace the dreary role he was destined for. The irony became evident when after his horrible transformation his family completely neglected him, abused him, and focused more on how they would continue to pay the bills. This story brought us into the sorrowful life of a man who had little importance other than a workhorse for others. And when he came to his death as a hideous insect unable to care for his family any longer, it seemed as if this existence was less horrifying than the one he lead before (DiYanni, 2007, pg. 641). What the reader may reflect upon after reading this story is how they treat their family and how important it is to care for others no matter what hardships or adverse situations propel into our life.
In yet another story featured in Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, we are introduced into the life of a young girl living in a less affluent neighborhood. The struggles of this girl are evident right away as we read that the children’s mothers “were in a la-de-da apartment up the block having a good ole time” while others were caring for them (DiYanni, 2007, pg. 428. This realization gives some forgiveness to the abrupt and cavalier characteristics of the children in these stories. There were challenging inadequacies that highlighted the nature of the lives these children had and made it possible for the reader to reflect on what that must be like. The young girl’s attitude toward others and life in general was careless and inept. These children were taken into an upper-class neighborhood to experience the difference in lifestyle that others have. They are taken to a toy store with price tags that rage from hundreds to thousands of dollars (DiYanni, 2007, 428). The wanting of these young children resonates in the reader’s mind as they join in the jolt of reality that is experienced in this story.
It is difficult for a person to truly grasp the hardships or endearments of another person whose circumstances are uniquely different then their own. However, this is made possible with literature. We as a reader are invited into another world that is expressed through the author’s own personal experiences of life. We are urged to explore the depths of another human being and possibly another community of people altogether. We can discover new parts of the world and even different time periods. We are able to use this newfound knowledge to better understand our world and to have positive and worthwhile relationships with people whom we may have found unapproachable due to lack of understanding.
References
DiYanni, R (2007) Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6th ed.) New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Jeannette Villatoro
GSH0829B
Paula Johnson-Nash
July 21, 2008
How Literature Reflects Communities
Literature has been a vital and impacting part of culture since language was adapted and artfully used for communication. Literature can reach inside a reader and touch them in a powerful way. Literature can also demand critical thinking for subject matters that are foreign to some readers. One of the most important aspects of literary creation is to help human beings connect to and understand other people with different backgrounds, cultures, and lifestyles.
Literature is vivid with its descriptions and adaptations of different communities. A reader can be enlightened by reading a story that involves the relationships between societies of people. As a reader, we learn about other ways of life and how it contrasts with our own. We learn compassion and gain intellectual perceptions of others. Whether a story we read is fiction or truth, the components of literature have a way of reaching out and impacting our thinking process no matter how fantastical the story may be.
In Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, the reader is immediately spun into an amazing dream-like world in which a normal, everyday, and perhaps even dull man is turned into a humongous insect (DiYanni, 2007, pg. 612). What is soon becomes the most intriguing facet of this story is the depth of his life rather than him becoming a bug. This man cared for his family with a strong intensity. He paid off his father’s debts by working hard every day and providing a life for his parents and sister that they could not otherwise afford (Diyanni, 2007, pg. 613). Never once did he complain about this apparent injustice. Instead, he took it with stride and continued to gleefully embrace the dreary role he was destined for. The irony became evident when after his horrible transformation his family completely neglected him, abused him, and focused more on how they would continue to pay the bills. This story brought us into the sorrowful life of a man who had little importance other than a workhorse for others. And when he came to his death as a hideous insect unable to care for his family any longer, it seemed as if this existence was less horrifying than the one he lead before (DiYanni, 2007, pg. 641). What the reader may reflect upon after reading this story is how they treat their family and how important it is to care for others no matter what hardships or adverse situations propel into our life.
In yet another story featured in Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, we are introduced into the life of a young girl living in a less affluent neighborhood. The struggles of this girl are evident right away as we read that the children’s mothers “were in a la-de-da apartment up the block having a good ole time” while others were caring for them (DiYanni, 2007, pg. 428. This realization gives some forgiveness to the abrupt and cavalier characteristics of the children in these stories. There were challenging inadequacies that highlighted the nature of the lives these children had and made it possible for the reader to reflect on what that must be like. The young girl’s attitude toward others and life in general was careless and inept. These children were taken into an upper-class neighborhood to experience the difference in lifestyle that others have. They are taken to a toy store with price tags that rage from hundreds to thousands of dollars (DiYanni, 2007, 428). The wanting of these young children resonates in the reader’s mind as they join in the jolt of reality that is experienced in this story.
It is difficult for a person to truly grasp the hardships or endearments of another person whose circumstances are uniquely different then their own. However, this is made possible with literature. We as a reader are invited into another world that is expressed through the author’s own personal experiences of life. We are urged to explore the depths of another human being and possibly another community of people altogether. We can discover new parts of the world and even different time periods. We are able to use this newfound knowledge to better understand our world and to have positive and worthwhile relationships with people whom we may have found unapproachable due to lack of understanding.
References
DiYanni, R (2007) Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6th ed.) New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Controversies in Psychology
"I wrote this assignment to highlight the need for diversity in psychological experimentation and study. Psychologists are abundent in the United States, but do not practice studies and theological inquiries elsewhere in the world, including different nationalities and cultural backgrounds. This is something I intend to change, as we need to have answers in science and psychology reflect accurately with the vibrant diversity that is alive in the world rather than white, middle-class persons."
- Jeannette Villatoro
Controversies in Psychology
Culture, ethnicity and race are just as vital to psychology as they are to society. We live in a world in which these factors influence how we interact with one another and furthermore flourish in our social roles.
The importance and value of understanding culture, ethnicity and race is a key component to the study of psychology. It is a known fact in the field of psychology as well as through everyday observances that all human beings are unique and have very specific differences (Feldman, 2008). In fact, it seems as if psychology is based around this notion if not inspired by it. However, there are also many other factors that influence the development of human beings, and culture and environment are significant pieces of the puzzle.
People from North American tend to relate successful achievements to natural qualities that a person happens to be born with. An exceptionally athletic individual will most likely be successful in athletics, while a person who seems to have the gift of learning will exceed in schooling (Feldman, 2008). In Asia, the belief differs greatly as most people of Asian decent attribute success to hard work and diligence rather than natural talents. Because of this standard, success is rampant in Asian cultures because one tends to work harder so that they may earn success at a certain degree (Feldman, 2008). These modest examples show the great extent that cultural influences have on individuals.
The term "minority" is well on its way to extinction, as many Americans inhabit some cultural differences from non-Hispanic whites (Feldman, 2008). It is also important to realize that any American with a different ethnicity will most likely have strong associations with their particular cultural background. Learning about and acquiring unique elements from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds will help implement a greater fluidity between different groups. And the differences between cultures, ethnicities and races are abundant with as many unique qualities as single individuals may possess. Therefore, it is important for a psychologist to not only understand these differences, but embrace them for the purpose of studying human behavior.
References
Feldman, R. (2008). Understanding Psychology (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
- Jeannette Villatoro
Controversies in Psychology
Culture, ethnicity and race are just as vital to psychology as they are to society. We live in a world in which these factors influence how we interact with one another and furthermore flourish in our social roles.
The importance and value of understanding culture, ethnicity and race is a key component to the study of psychology. It is a known fact in the field of psychology as well as through everyday observances that all human beings are unique and have very specific differences (Feldman, 2008). In fact, it seems as if psychology is based around this notion if not inspired by it. However, there are also many other factors that influence the development of human beings, and culture and environment are significant pieces of the puzzle.
People from North American tend to relate successful achievements to natural qualities that a person happens to be born with. An exceptionally athletic individual will most likely be successful in athletics, while a person who seems to have the gift of learning will exceed in schooling (Feldman, 2008). In Asia, the belief differs greatly as most people of Asian decent attribute success to hard work and diligence rather than natural talents. Because of this standard, success is rampant in Asian cultures because one tends to work harder so that they may earn success at a certain degree (Feldman, 2008). These modest examples show the great extent that cultural influences have on individuals.
The term "minority" is well on its way to extinction, as many Americans inhabit some cultural differences from non-Hispanic whites (Feldman, 2008). It is also important to realize that any American with a different ethnicity will most likely have strong associations with their particular cultural background. Learning about and acquiring unique elements from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds will help implement a greater fluidity between different groups. And the differences between cultures, ethnicities and races are abundant with as many unique qualities as single individuals may possess. Therefore, it is important for a psychologist to not only understand these differences, but embrace them for the purpose of studying human behavior.
References
Feldman, R. (2008). Understanding Psychology (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
An Exploration of Merit and Desert
An Exploration of Merit and Desert
Jeannette Villatoro
GSI0834D
Joseph Scahill
August 30, 2008
An Exploration of Merit and Desert
Merit and desert are two fundamental principles of ethics. The use of these principles has much to do with the workings of our society as well as the good of humanity. I will explore why we value merit and why we should acknowledge the necessity of desert throughout the stages of life.
As defined by Pojman in Merit: Why Do We Value It?, merit can be based on certain factors of one’s self such as “bravery, skill, or nobleness” (Pojman, 1999, pg. 84). Another view, however, that has been adopted by such philosophers such as Kant, “intention has replaced outcome for the decisive criterion for worth” (Pojman, 1999, pg. 84). Desert simply means deserving. How we believe that these two elements fit together is a very important rule. Some believe that our “natural talents” are our merit and that we have desert based on these characteristics (Pojman, 1999, pg. 84). But the more correct view would be that merit is based on one’s objective and that their desert should be in direct result from intention. Though there are obvious opposing views as to what merit and desert are and what they mean, it is easily comprehensible that one of these elements cannot function in totality without the other. It is how they are used in relation to each other that gives us a reasonable interpretation of what they are and how they affect society as a whole.
Merit in itself is only as good as how strongly we value it. That is one of the most important aspects of the theory that merit should garner desert. The belief that merit is based solely on abilities or acquired talents completely destroys the basis for merit and what it is intended to produce. This would pose a “strict meritocracy” that seems unjust and unworthy (Pojman, 1999, pg. 84). Merit is valued based on what one does and how they act in life. I have merit because I care for my children with loving intent. He has merit because he dedicates his time to volunteer in various homeless shelters in the community. She has merit because she never lies and always keeps her word. These distinguished characteristics are what are important where merit is concerned. If people were not bound by their promises nor had any reason not to commit bad acts, we would have a meritless society (Waller, 2008).
Desert is something that is uniquely present in all stages of life. As children we earn rewards for listening to our parents and behaving in a way that is pleasing to others. As adults we gain respect from being honorable and doing what is right. A person will unlikely obtain an important role in this world by merely doing nothing to enhance it. If someone hoping to earn a high paying career does not go out and apply for jobs, they are probably not going to get what they want. If a woman wants to meet a loving man and be married and plan a family, she will most likely not do so by staying in her home all day and avoiding others. The need to have desert in our lives is as strong as the necessity for it. And because this is engraved in our being, we evolve based on the fact that we will earn our way in this life.
Louis Pojman projects a need for the world to adopt a systematic implication that “the virtuous are rewarded and the vicious punished in proportion to their relative deserts” (Pojman, 1999, pg. 100). This proves to be the most practical and successful method in which to live. As a society, we have run civilization in this way. Although there are instances of unfairness or unjust circumstances, the process of being rewarded and punished depending on one’s acts is solely acceptable. And the occasional abuse of this system is a sad reality but is unfortunately the sacrifice for an overall well ruled society. Merit and desert should never be considered without the other if regarded in the correct way as merit being what one’s intentions are and desert being based on the result of those intentions. If one becomes murderous, naturally that person should be apprehended strongly and if not murdered as well, at least taken away from the rest of society as to not harm anyone further. And if one works hard and gains a valuable education, that person should logically obtain a degree and be able to earn a reputable occupation that affords them a comfortable lifestyle that reflects their hard work. Human beings need cause and effect, action and consequence in their life. It seems to be a natural process within our minds; so likewise, society should adopt the same occurrences. We expect to be punished when we do something wrong and we hope for abundant rewards when we accomplish something great.
Clearly, if there was no ends to the mean in regards to our actions, there would be little or no motivation to do anything good and similarly, there would be nothing to hinder us from committing bad deeds. If a person who is starving and has no money knows that robbing the bank has no implications of punishment, it is safe to assume they would likely commit that act. If an employee realizes that if they work hard and remain loyal to the company in which they are employed but will never reap the benefits of higher pay or status, there is hardly any justifiable reason to work beyond the expectations set upon them. The only opposition to this theory is the presence of a strong conscience in which a person is lead exclusively by it. This is an appealing notion but humanity has proven that if rules and laws, both natural and devised, are not in place then havoc ultimately occurs. We can trust our conscience and abide by it as strongly as we’d like, but most of the time it will not be reciprocated by others. The nature of the human being seems to be to appease one’s self in such a way that even if they are to do so in the detriment of others, it shall be done for the sake of progression. Therefore, it is clear that we need something more to govern the acts of others. Our governments have imposed laws and regulations that fit the mold of merit and desert, and it has proven successful for the most part. So it seems that as long as those two elements are truthfully implemented in a decision of justice, than justice shall prevail.
It has been the structure of humanity that we earn our way in this life, and society has historically continued to reflect these principles as well. This concept has the workings of the natural inclination to work hard and achieve what we must in this world, and it has proved to be a key element in the betterment and progression of society. Therefore, Pojman was correct to propose that we should expect to earn a just punishment for wrong doings as well as rewards for good deeds.
References
Pojman, Louis. (1999). Merit: Why Do We Value It? Journal of Social Philosophy 30:83-102
Waller, Bruce N. (2008). Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues (2nd ed.) New York: Pearson/Longman.
Jeannette Villatoro
GSI0834D
Joseph Scahill
August 30, 2008
An Exploration of Merit and Desert
Merit and desert are two fundamental principles of ethics. The use of these principles has much to do with the workings of our society as well as the good of humanity. I will explore why we value merit and why we should acknowledge the necessity of desert throughout the stages of life.
As defined by Pojman in Merit: Why Do We Value It?, merit can be based on certain factors of one’s self such as “bravery, skill, or nobleness” (Pojman, 1999, pg. 84). Another view, however, that has been adopted by such philosophers such as Kant, “intention has replaced outcome for the decisive criterion for worth” (Pojman, 1999, pg. 84). Desert simply means deserving. How we believe that these two elements fit together is a very important rule. Some believe that our “natural talents” are our merit and that we have desert based on these characteristics (Pojman, 1999, pg. 84). But the more correct view would be that merit is based on one’s objective and that their desert should be in direct result from intention. Though there are obvious opposing views as to what merit and desert are and what they mean, it is easily comprehensible that one of these elements cannot function in totality without the other. It is how they are used in relation to each other that gives us a reasonable interpretation of what they are and how they affect society as a whole.
Merit in itself is only as good as how strongly we value it. That is one of the most important aspects of the theory that merit should garner desert. The belief that merit is based solely on abilities or acquired talents completely destroys the basis for merit and what it is intended to produce. This would pose a “strict meritocracy” that seems unjust and unworthy (Pojman, 1999, pg. 84). Merit is valued based on what one does and how they act in life. I have merit because I care for my children with loving intent. He has merit because he dedicates his time to volunteer in various homeless shelters in the community. She has merit because she never lies and always keeps her word. These distinguished characteristics are what are important where merit is concerned. If people were not bound by their promises nor had any reason not to commit bad acts, we would have a meritless society (Waller, 2008).
Desert is something that is uniquely present in all stages of life. As children we earn rewards for listening to our parents and behaving in a way that is pleasing to others. As adults we gain respect from being honorable and doing what is right. A person will unlikely obtain an important role in this world by merely doing nothing to enhance it. If someone hoping to earn a high paying career does not go out and apply for jobs, they are probably not going to get what they want. If a woman wants to meet a loving man and be married and plan a family, she will most likely not do so by staying in her home all day and avoiding others. The need to have desert in our lives is as strong as the necessity for it. And because this is engraved in our being, we evolve based on the fact that we will earn our way in this life.
Louis Pojman projects a need for the world to adopt a systematic implication that “the virtuous are rewarded and the vicious punished in proportion to their relative deserts” (Pojman, 1999, pg. 100). This proves to be the most practical and successful method in which to live. As a society, we have run civilization in this way. Although there are instances of unfairness or unjust circumstances, the process of being rewarded and punished depending on one’s acts is solely acceptable. And the occasional abuse of this system is a sad reality but is unfortunately the sacrifice for an overall well ruled society. Merit and desert should never be considered without the other if regarded in the correct way as merit being what one’s intentions are and desert being based on the result of those intentions. If one becomes murderous, naturally that person should be apprehended strongly and if not murdered as well, at least taken away from the rest of society as to not harm anyone further. And if one works hard and gains a valuable education, that person should logically obtain a degree and be able to earn a reputable occupation that affords them a comfortable lifestyle that reflects their hard work. Human beings need cause and effect, action and consequence in their life. It seems to be a natural process within our minds; so likewise, society should adopt the same occurrences. We expect to be punished when we do something wrong and we hope for abundant rewards when we accomplish something great.
Clearly, if there was no ends to the mean in regards to our actions, there would be little or no motivation to do anything good and similarly, there would be nothing to hinder us from committing bad deeds. If a person who is starving and has no money knows that robbing the bank has no implications of punishment, it is safe to assume they would likely commit that act. If an employee realizes that if they work hard and remain loyal to the company in which they are employed but will never reap the benefits of higher pay or status, there is hardly any justifiable reason to work beyond the expectations set upon them. The only opposition to this theory is the presence of a strong conscience in which a person is lead exclusively by it. This is an appealing notion but humanity has proven that if rules and laws, both natural and devised, are not in place then havoc ultimately occurs. We can trust our conscience and abide by it as strongly as we’d like, but most of the time it will not be reciprocated by others. The nature of the human being seems to be to appease one’s self in such a way that even if they are to do so in the detriment of others, it shall be done for the sake of progression. Therefore, it is clear that we need something more to govern the acts of others. Our governments have imposed laws and regulations that fit the mold of merit and desert, and it has proven successful for the most part. So it seems that as long as those two elements are truthfully implemented in a decision of justice, than justice shall prevail.
It has been the structure of humanity that we earn our way in this life, and society has historically continued to reflect these principles as well. This concept has the workings of the natural inclination to work hard and achieve what we must in this world, and it has proved to be a key element in the betterment and progression of society. Therefore, Pojman was correct to propose that we should expect to earn a just punishment for wrong doings as well as rewards for good deeds.
References
Pojman, Louis. (1999). Merit: Why Do We Value It? Journal of Social Philosophy 30:83-102
Waller, Bruce N. (2008). Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues (2nd ed.) New York: Pearson/Longman.
A Bright Shining Gem
"A poem I wrote for a friend who passed away to be recited at the funeral." -Jeannette Villatoro
A Bright Shining Gem
A bright shining gem
Dulled in this life
The sparkle and luster
So quiet these days
Then reflection weakens grief
And the memories become clear
Overtaking the sorrow
Each heart of ours share.
What a beautiful life!
Such a vigorous smile
What compassion and drive
That continues to beguile.
Her presence that harmonized
With joy and with love
She was a friend, a caregiver,
A beautiful white dove.
Oh Penny, We mourn you
Our souls ache in your shadow
This world without you
Is an unbearable battle.
Yet now a bold whisper
Begs us to recall
The happiness you radiated;
The glory before the fall.
We hope you’re at peace,
As we fumble to find it without you.
And never will we let the passing time
Diminish the wonderment about you.
We love you Penny.
In memory forever.
By Jeannette Villatoro
© 2008
A Bright Shining Gem
A bright shining gem
Dulled in this life
The sparkle and luster
So quiet these days
Then reflection weakens grief
And the memories become clear
Overtaking the sorrow
Each heart of ours share.
What a beautiful life!
Such a vigorous smile
What compassion and drive
That continues to beguile.
Her presence that harmonized
With joy and with love
She was a friend, a caregiver,
A beautiful white dove.
Oh Penny, We mourn you
Our souls ache in your shadow
This world without you
Is an unbearable battle.
Yet now a bold whisper
Begs us to recall
The happiness you radiated;
The glory before the fall.
We hope you’re at peace,
As we fumble to find it without you.
And never will we let the passing time
Diminish the wonderment about you.
We love you Penny.
In memory forever.
By Jeannette Villatoro
© 2008
A Society of School for Home Age Children
A Society of School for Home Age Children
Jeannette Villatoro
GSI0834D
Joseph Scahill
September 8, 2008
A Society of School for Home Age Children
In today’s society there is a declining standard of morals and values with the uprising of class and status. We value things over family and the cause of this is astronomically unbalanced family lives. One of the casualties of this injustice is children being forced into daycare and preschool. Our society teaches us that this benefits our children but this is an outright lie. I will uncover the truth behind early schooling, why it is fundamentally important for a mother to be home with her children, and how to reach families and motivate a dramatic change for our society.
The Truth behind Daycare
The beginning of the feminist movement began its roots with the first Women’s Conference in 1848 (Weber, 2008). Although it took 70 years before the fruits of labor would show with the first abilities for women to vote, the rights of women have seemingly been a concern since long ago. The feminists made great strides in allowing women to have rights and started along with the “Abolition of Slavery movement” as well as other campaigns such as “equal pay, property rights and higher education for women (Weber, 2008)”. These are unarguably some of the most important issues of our history and the work done to provide equal rights for women should not go uncelebrated. However, there have been extremists who capitalized on this movement and produced harmful deterioration of women’s rights and muddled the other important aspects of women’s roles in society.
Radical feminism started to occur as early as the 1800’s and was quickly viewed as the new age for women. But shortly after gaining many followers of women who merely wanted equally rights, it became quite obvious that radical feminists was not only pro-women but “anti-family”, and thus many followers started to recede (Pizzey, 2007). This movement propelled women to a confusing point in history in which natural rights and devised cultural rights became blurred. It became highly recognized that a woman did not need a man or children and perhaps these aspects were hindrances to a woman’s life process. The idea of marriage and family became an institutional burden imposed on women and grew into an ugly metamorphosis of problematic conditions. Neil Boyd, a professor of criminology at Simon Fraser University for 25 years states “The greatest damage inflicted by radical feminism has occurred in the rewriting of laws regarding sexual and gender relations. If we are not careful, the equality that is being sought will hinder us all in our independence (Boyd, N. )”. It appears that radical feminism is only denouncing the important roles of women and men as an interconnected unit by focusing on what we deserve as individuals. Thus, the “mommy wars” have ensued.
It is not only the child that suffers in this situation. Mothers too have trouble controlling a chaotic life of home and work. According to a recent study conducted for stay at home and working mothers, both seem to agree that working full time is not the best situation (Jayson, 2007). “Among working mothers, 60% now say part-time work is the ideal situation, compared with 48% in 1997. Among at-home moms, 48% say staying home is ideal, up from 39% in 1997. Bureau of Labor Statistics data for 2006, released in May, show only 24% of working moms work part time (Jayson, 2007, pg. 1)”. The ramifications of the working mother along with the child are greatly shown in statistical studies across America. One study by the Pew Research Center displays
The Importance of a Mother
Despite the increasing view that women not only deserve to have a place in working society but must adhere to this right, there are many that still cling to the ideal of a mother nurturing her children from home. Although these homemakers cherish the equal rights fought for in earlier times, they do not subscribe to the radical views of today’s feminism. An intelligent lawyer decides to have a family and stays home when the child is born. Caring for her family does not make her any less intelligent nor does it diminish her hard work in the field she excelled. Assuming her child is brought up in a loving environment, it has stability and much needed closeness with the parents in a cohesive and healthy environment with. There is structure and routine and a loving system of learning. The child is well adjusted and intelligent and learns how important the roles of relationships are in this world and the way that others should be treated. This child is happy, carefree and inquisitive. This is clearly aspects of an upbringing that daycare cannot provide.
A businesswoman marries and continues her long hours at work. Her husband and she decide to start a family and she quickly finds out she is expecting. She longs for the new direction her life is going, and she is elated that she will soon be a mother. Once the child enters this world, however, she does very little to change her life accordingly. She continues working full time and her child goes to daycare as an infant. The child is listless and uncertain of its surroundings. It has little affection and caring and misses its parents. “Last year the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) released data linking longer hours in child care to misbehavior (McHale, 2002)”.
A Proposal for Change
Environment is a huge factor in the productivity of preserving family ethics. A woman should know her choices are abundant and any path can be taken as so chosen. But it is clear that trying to be a working mother has become an irony that cannot fulfill both needs. Therefore, a woman should choose to be a working woman or a mother respectively. And because a woman is a mother does not mean she cannot continue or later develop her education or work life. Children grow and attend school beginning at an early age, giving mothers a window of opportunity to plunge into the world as a new entity. But society pushes daycare on mothers and the government advertises the importance of preschool for the young child.
References
Boyd, N. (2004). Big Sister: How Extreme Feminism has Betrayed the Fight for
Sexual Equality. Greystone Books: New York.
Jayson, S. (2007). Attitude gap widens between working, stay-at-home moms. Retrieved
September 6, 2008, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-07-12-mommy-wars_N.htm.
McHale, D. (2002). Talking About Childcare: What’s the Research Really Say?
Retrieved September 4, 2008, from http://www.mothering.com/articles/growing_child/family_time/childcare.html.
Pizzey, E. (2006). DadsNow. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from
http://www.dadsnow.org/vawa/vawa2.htm.
Weber, B. (2008). The Women’s Movement – Our History. Retrieved September
4, 2008, from http://feminism.eserver.org/theory/feminist/Womens-Movement.html.
Jeannette Villatoro
GSI0834D
Joseph Scahill
September 8, 2008
A Society of School for Home Age Children
In today’s society there is a declining standard of morals and values with the uprising of class and status. We value things over family and the cause of this is astronomically unbalanced family lives. One of the casualties of this injustice is children being forced into daycare and preschool. Our society teaches us that this benefits our children but this is an outright lie. I will uncover the truth behind early schooling, why it is fundamentally important for a mother to be home with her children, and how to reach families and motivate a dramatic change for our society.
The Truth behind Daycare
The beginning of the feminist movement began its roots with the first Women’s Conference in 1848 (Weber, 2008). Although it took 70 years before the fruits of labor would show with the first abilities for women to vote, the rights of women have seemingly been a concern since long ago. The feminists made great strides in allowing women to have rights and started along with the “Abolition of Slavery movement” as well as other campaigns such as “equal pay, property rights and higher education for women (Weber, 2008)”. These are unarguably some of the most important issues of our history and the work done to provide equal rights for women should not go uncelebrated. However, there have been extremists who capitalized on this movement and produced harmful deterioration of women’s rights and muddled the other important aspects of women’s roles in society.
Radical feminism started to occur as early as the 1800’s and was quickly viewed as the new age for women. But shortly after gaining many followers of women who merely wanted equally rights, it became quite obvious that radical feminists was not only pro-women but “anti-family”, and thus many followers started to recede (Pizzey, 2007). This movement propelled women to a confusing point in history in which natural rights and devised cultural rights became blurred. It became highly recognized that a woman did not need a man or children and perhaps these aspects were hindrances to a woman’s life process. The idea of marriage and family became an institutional burden imposed on women and grew into an ugly metamorphosis of problematic conditions. Neil Boyd, a professor of criminology at Simon Fraser University for 25 years states “The greatest damage inflicted by radical feminism has occurred in the rewriting of laws regarding sexual and gender relations. If we are not careful, the equality that is being sought will hinder us all in our independence (Boyd, N. )”. It appears that radical feminism is only denouncing the important roles of women and men as an interconnected unit by focusing on what we deserve as individuals. Thus, the “mommy wars” have ensued.
It is not only the child that suffers in this situation. Mothers too have trouble controlling a chaotic life of home and work. According to a recent study conducted for stay at home and working mothers, both seem to agree that working full time is not the best situation (Jayson, 2007). “Among working mothers, 60% now say part-time work is the ideal situation, compared with 48% in 1997. Among at-home moms, 48% say staying home is ideal, up from 39% in 1997. Bureau of Labor Statistics data for 2006, released in May, show only 24% of working moms work part time (Jayson, 2007, pg. 1)”. The ramifications of the working mother along with the child are greatly shown in statistical studies across America. One study by the Pew Research Center displays
The Importance of a Mother
Despite the increasing view that women not only deserve to have a place in working society but must adhere to this right, there are many that still cling to the ideal of a mother nurturing her children from home. Although these homemakers cherish the equal rights fought for in earlier times, they do not subscribe to the radical views of today’s feminism. An intelligent lawyer decides to have a family and stays home when the child is born. Caring for her family does not make her any less intelligent nor does it diminish her hard work in the field she excelled. Assuming her child is brought up in a loving environment, it has stability and much needed closeness with the parents in a cohesive and healthy environment with. There is structure and routine and a loving system of learning. The child is well adjusted and intelligent and learns how important the roles of relationships are in this world and the way that others should be treated. This child is happy, carefree and inquisitive. This is clearly aspects of an upbringing that daycare cannot provide.
A businesswoman marries and continues her long hours at work. Her husband and she decide to start a family and she quickly finds out she is expecting. She longs for the new direction her life is going, and she is elated that she will soon be a mother. Once the child enters this world, however, she does very little to change her life accordingly. She continues working full time and her child goes to daycare as an infant. The child is listless and uncertain of its surroundings. It has little affection and caring and misses its parents. “Last year the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) released data linking longer hours in child care to misbehavior (McHale, 2002)”.
A Proposal for Change
Environment is a huge factor in the productivity of preserving family ethics. A woman should know her choices are abundant and any path can be taken as so chosen. But it is clear that trying to be a working mother has become an irony that cannot fulfill both needs. Therefore, a woman should choose to be a working woman or a mother respectively. And because a woman is a mother does not mean she cannot continue or later develop her education or work life. Children grow and attend school beginning at an early age, giving mothers a window of opportunity to plunge into the world as a new entity. But society pushes daycare on mothers and the government advertises the importance of preschool for the young child.
References
Boyd, N. (2004). Big Sister: How Extreme Feminism has Betrayed the Fight for
Sexual Equality. Greystone Books: New York.
Jayson, S. (2007). Attitude gap widens between working, stay-at-home moms. Retrieved
September 6, 2008, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-07-12-mommy-wars_N.htm.
McHale, D. (2002). Talking About Childcare: What’s the Research Really Say?
Retrieved September 4, 2008, from http://www.mothering.com/articles/growing_child/family_time/childcare.html.
Pizzey, E. (2006). DadsNow. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from
http://www.dadsnow.org/vawa/vawa2.htm.
Weber, B. (2008). The Women’s Movement – Our History. Retrieved September
4, 2008, from http://feminism.eserver.org/theory/feminist/Womens-Movement.html.
American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
Jeannette Villatoro
GSN0839A
Dan French
October 6, 2008
American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
With the growth of the industrial revolution and technology in America, the desire for imperialism became more evident. I will explore the cause and effect of Imperialism, what other countries were involved, and the views of supporters as well as the detractors of this policy.
Imperialism was birthed from the ongoing explosion of technology and industry. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 broadened the ideas of imperialism to increase the power of the young United States and prevent Europe from interfering in any of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. The world was getting larger and was quickly accommodating the growth. Power and control of America was not enough for imperialists who wanted to expand this supremacy to other nations. The focus of Imperialistic efforts was Europe and Latin America. Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands soon became entrenched with American concentration. Africa and China also eventually became victim to imperialistic endeavors.
The ambassadors of imperialism gained followers by rationalizing the conquest. Many Americans believed in the policy as it would undoubtedly spread Americanized influence on ideas, values, religion and products (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008). Implementing American ideals became an infectious motive for the United States.
With the growth of the United States industrialized economy, there was an abundance of goods that America could not consume itself. Therefore, imperialism was an attempt to look for various markets abroad. Alfred Thayer Mahan was a navy captain who exploited a theory that was a branch of imperialism called “navalism” (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008, pg. 613). This concept rationalized the overall need for imperialism and foreign concern. In order for United States to be a great nation, suggested Mahan, it must have powerful ships for foreign trade purposes. Mahan believed that wealth and respect for the nation would be sought and won if navalism took effect swiftly, and many Americans adapted to this extravagant view.
Much like the conquering of the Indians and the attempt to modernize their ways of life to fit American standards, many protestant missionaries continued this belief in regards to other countries (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008). Spreading Christian beliefs among seemingly barbaric cultures would be a mission of apparent good will and was highly accepted. This was an agenda of imperialism to civilize the rest of the world.
Race relations were a significant factor of justification where imperialism was concerned. Social Darwinism took rise and the beliefs that Anglo-Saxons were the predominant race became a popular notion. Many Americans that fit in this standard agreed on this philosophy and took heed to the idea that they should fulfill the prophecy of taking charge of the rest of the inferior world (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008).
Imperialism soon succeeded to encompass the realistic outcome for the United States. Although many of Americans adopted this policy, others opposed it strongly. While a militia of propaganda elicited following of this national imperialistic ideal, The American AntiImperialist League of 1899 paved the way for antagonism of such a policy (Halsall, 1997). The American AntiImperialistic League believed that “the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free” (Halsall, 1997, pg. 1). This proposed that imperialism had the purpose of imposing standards on others without the moral right to do so. The enforcers of this league condemned the policy of imperialism and were against much of what it stood for. The league did not agree with sacrificing soldiers for the function of imperialism, nor did they adhere to the seemingly destructive concept of imperialism. The belief that other nations had every right to seek and uphold civil liberty of their own, and gain independence without the United Sates intervening was the main focus of this League and all others apposed to imperialism. The policy was referred to as “criminal aggression” and was fought with as much fervor as imperialists fought to achieve it (Halsall, 1997, pg. 1).
The outcome of this foreign policy going into the twentieth century was that of success with revamping the overseas empires of other nations. Weak countries were easily commanded while other less persuaded countries were forced into submission or aggressive agreements by use of military force or economic influence. Military take-over was one of the most common ways in which America would possess another country, but economic force was also a very effective means of gaining control of other economical markets. By the twentieth century, imperialism was perfected in regards to policies and procedures, and created more barriers that were originally set out to eliminate.
Perhaps the central motivation for imperialism was the growth of the United States. The expansion of political, social, and economical aspects of American life was rapidly changing to adapt to the enormous demands brought forth by new developments in the industrial and technological fields. The nation was becoming more powerful and proposed for that power to extend to other parts of the world. Despite opposition to the policy of imperialism, the overall consensus was that it was a positive move, and that succumbing to the American standard was thought to be in the best interest of all nations, and more definitely enabling the betterment of United States as a whole.
References
Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. (2008). Nation of nations: a narrative history
of the American Republic (6th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
Halsall, P. (1997). Modern History Sourcebook. American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899.
Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1899antiimp.html.
Jeannette Villatoro
GSN0839A
Dan French
October 6, 2008
American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
With the growth of the industrial revolution and technology in America, the desire for imperialism became more evident. I will explore the cause and effect of Imperialism, what other countries were involved, and the views of supporters as well as the detractors of this policy.
Imperialism was birthed from the ongoing explosion of technology and industry. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 broadened the ideas of imperialism to increase the power of the young United States and prevent Europe from interfering in any of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. The world was getting larger and was quickly accommodating the growth. Power and control of America was not enough for imperialists who wanted to expand this supremacy to other nations. The focus of Imperialistic efforts was Europe and Latin America. Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands soon became entrenched with American concentration. Africa and China also eventually became victim to imperialistic endeavors.
The ambassadors of imperialism gained followers by rationalizing the conquest. Many Americans believed in the policy as it would undoubtedly spread Americanized influence on ideas, values, religion and products (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008). Implementing American ideals became an infectious motive for the United States.
With the growth of the United States industrialized economy, there was an abundance of goods that America could not consume itself. Therefore, imperialism was an attempt to look for various markets abroad. Alfred Thayer Mahan was a navy captain who exploited a theory that was a branch of imperialism called “navalism” (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008, pg. 613). This concept rationalized the overall need for imperialism and foreign concern. In order for United States to be a great nation, suggested Mahan, it must have powerful ships for foreign trade purposes. Mahan believed that wealth and respect for the nation would be sought and won if navalism took effect swiftly, and many Americans adapted to this extravagant view.
Much like the conquering of the Indians and the attempt to modernize their ways of life to fit American standards, many protestant missionaries continued this belief in regards to other countries (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008). Spreading Christian beliefs among seemingly barbaric cultures would be a mission of apparent good will and was highly accepted. This was an agenda of imperialism to civilize the rest of the world.
Race relations were a significant factor of justification where imperialism was concerned. Social Darwinism took rise and the beliefs that Anglo-Saxons were the predominant race became a popular notion. Many Americans that fit in this standard agreed on this philosophy and took heed to the idea that they should fulfill the prophecy of taking charge of the rest of the inferior world (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008).
Imperialism soon succeeded to encompass the realistic outcome for the United States. Although many of Americans adopted this policy, others opposed it strongly. While a militia of propaganda elicited following of this national imperialistic ideal, The American AntiImperialist League of 1899 paved the way for antagonism of such a policy (Halsall, 1997). The American AntiImperialistic League believed that “the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free” (Halsall, 1997, pg. 1). This proposed that imperialism had the purpose of imposing standards on others without the moral right to do so. The enforcers of this league condemned the policy of imperialism and were against much of what it stood for. The league did not agree with sacrificing soldiers for the function of imperialism, nor did they adhere to the seemingly destructive concept of imperialism. The belief that other nations had every right to seek and uphold civil liberty of their own, and gain independence without the United Sates intervening was the main focus of this League and all others apposed to imperialism. The policy was referred to as “criminal aggression” and was fought with as much fervor as imperialists fought to achieve it (Halsall, 1997, pg. 1).
The outcome of this foreign policy going into the twentieth century was that of success with revamping the overseas empires of other nations. Weak countries were easily commanded while other less persuaded countries were forced into submission or aggressive agreements by use of military force or economic influence. Military take-over was one of the most common ways in which America would possess another country, but economic force was also a very effective means of gaining control of other economical markets. By the twentieth century, imperialism was perfected in regards to policies and procedures, and created more barriers that were originally set out to eliminate.
Perhaps the central motivation for imperialism was the growth of the United States. The expansion of political, social, and economical aspects of American life was rapidly changing to adapt to the enormous demands brought forth by new developments in the industrial and technological fields. The nation was becoming more powerful and proposed for that power to extend to other parts of the world. Despite opposition to the policy of imperialism, the overall consensus was that it was a positive move, and that succumbing to the American standard was thought to be in the best interest of all nations, and more definitely enabling the betterment of United States as a whole.
References
Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. (2008). Nation of nations: a narrative history
of the American Republic (6th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
Halsall, P. (1997). Modern History Sourcebook. American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899.
Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1899antiimp.html.
An Exploration of Environmental Ethics
An Exploration of Environmental Ethics
Jeannette Villatoro
GSG0824E
Donna Falloon
June 13, 2008
An Exploration of Environmental Ethics
Environmental Ethics is a highly controversial topic that nonetheless affects our society greatly. Some would argue that environment issues have no place with ethics, and some would say that ethics has a substantial position in regards to our environment. However one sees this subject, it is important to explore the past, present and future of environmental ethical issues and with critical thinking uncover the impact it has on our world.
History
Environmental Ethics can reasonably be traced back to biblical times when trying to uncover the root of the relationship between man and nature. Judeo-Christian thought had a major impact in how people see the environment and the role we play as humans. God said to Adam and Eve, “Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over fish of the sea, and over fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth” (Genesis 1:27-8). Because of this statement and its influence on religion, the majority attitude has been that man rules over nature and animals to do with as we wish. Eventually, the exploration into environmental ethics started to produce some interesting philosophies that pondered whether this issue had instrumental or intrinsic value (Brennan, 2008, pg. 1).
In 1968, a philosopher expanded on the concept of environmental ethics by expressing his opinion that “the growth of human population threatened the viability of planetary life-support systems” (Brennan, 2008, pg. 1). Furthermore, the new sights of our planet and its relation to space discovery brought about reactions to the reality that our earth was a unit in which we delicately are allocated to live, and it should be treated as a valuable and sensitive resource. Perhaps the most influential publication in regards to environmental ethics was A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold which investigated certain aspects of our environment and brought about the serious contemplations that should be examined (Necsoiu, 2002, pg. 1). Although the development of environmental ethics in this period of time was not yet philosophical, many environmentalists urged their views to be adopted by philosophers in an attempt to expose the concepts of environmental ethics.
Present
Where this beginning has led us is in a confusing period of extreme views and strong opposition of environmental ethics. This topic has bled into politics, economics, and many facets of our society. The subject of global warming, a relatively new concept, has been debated passionately in our culture. Global warming has to do with the aspect of climate changes in our environment. “Climate change refers to any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer)” (U.S. Environmental Protection, 2008, pg. 1). Political candidates use this topic to entice votes, and environmentalists push the issue on people worldwide. We have Earth Day dedicated to the support and preservation of our environment. This topic has even inspired moviemakers to release a blockbuster film in 2004 called The Day After Tomorrow, based on global warming and the extreme possibilities that could happen as a result. The influence from the entertainment and media industries is immense, thus resulting in another outbreak of concern from the movie’s depiction of coming events.
Some still believe that the earth is a resource that replenishes itself, and the allegations that we are destroying our environment are merely an attempt to scare the public. According to Rush Limbaugh, a nationally syndicated radio host and political commentator, “despite the hysterics of a few pseudo-scientists, there is no reason to believe in global warming” (Limbaugh, 2008, pg. 171). Others argue that we are depleting our natural resources and using the environment recklessly, which will eventually cause destruction. Chris Conklin, an environmental scientist, says “at the rate we're going, the survival of certain parts of the globe will soon come into question. Some of the world's leading experts in biodiversity are warning of a mass extinction of plant and animal species" (Powell, 2007, pg. 1). Whether those who believe there is no ethics pertaining to environment or that our environment deserves to have rights respected by ethical choices, it is clear that this is a major concern in society and one that cannot be ignored. And although there seems to be a huge divide between both viewpoints, there are still many variables that support different perspectives of this controversy. The determination of intrinsic or instrumental value of our environment affects how we choose to progress with this philosophy. If we are to concentrate on protecting the environment, is it because it will directly effect how human beings live in the future, or because the environment has its own rights separate from that of humans?
Future
If environmental ethics are warranted, and we indeed have dramatic changes that need to be made, it is evident that our society is in conflict with what should be done or if anything should for that matter. Our world could come to a screeching halt or go on as usual, unaffected by the ways we exploit its resources. Because we cannot know for sure, it is probably a wise decision to keep the public informed and try to be aware of our actions. If environmental crisis is a complete farce, it can still be argued that recycling and other earth friendly endeavors can only help the world we live in, nature and humans alike.
Even those that say environmentalists and activists are merely screaming that the sky is falling, many can still agree on one universal truth: the earth is precious and we should do what we can to nurture it as it has done for us. Our culture typically loves the outdoors and enjoys all of the manmade pleasures that became possible by nature’s resources. We love to hike, ski, have picnics in the park, climb mountains, kayak, and fish. The question in my opinion is do we use our natural resources more than we protect them? Give and take is a major ethical concept that one must ponder. It exists naturally in all aspects of life. It is wonderful to give back because receiving is so fundamentally important. Love cannot survive without give and take, nor can healthy lifestyles, or a professional career. By practicing give and take with our environment, we will undoubtedly enjoy our resources more if we do what we can to care for them.
I believe that it is imperative to continue to study the changes that occur with our planet, and try and predict dangers that may arise. It cannot be ignored that although these factors of climate changes and dangerous predictions of future theological conditions may not be directly related to human consumption, they do indeed exist. And it cannot be denied that we have all witnessed garbage in our oceans, devastating fires erupting in our forests from the hands of careless people, and many other disrespectful actions towards nature. By reflecting on the past of environmental ethics, we can understand the current state it holds today, and the possible futuristic outcomes that may arise. Whether the motivation is to care for nature because it deserves its own rights as an entity, or to protect it solely because it affects humans, it is clear that we should try to humor any notions that evolve to better the world we live in.
References
Necsoiu, M. (2002). Environmental Ethics. A Very Brief History of the Origins of
Environmental Ethics for the Novice. Retrieved June 13, 2008, from http://www.cep.unt.edu/novice.html.
Brennan, A. (2008). Environmental Ethics. Retrieved June 10, 2008, from
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/.
The Holy Bible, Red-Letter Text Edition. Nashville: Tennessee, 2003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2008). U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Climate Change. Retrieved June 11, 2008, from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basicinfo.html.
Powell, S. (2007). The Australian. How we’re destroying our habitat. Retrieved June 13,
2008, from http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22753067-30417,00.html.
Limbaugh, R. (1993). See I Told You So. New York: Pocket Books.
Jeannette Villatoro
GSG0824E
Donna Falloon
June 13, 2008
An Exploration of Environmental Ethics
Environmental Ethics is a highly controversial topic that nonetheless affects our society greatly. Some would argue that environment issues have no place with ethics, and some would say that ethics has a substantial position in regards to our environment. However one sees this subject, it is important to explore the past, present and future of environmental ethical issues and with critical thinking uncover the impact it has on our world.
History
Environmental Ethics can reasonably be traced back to biblical times when trying to uncover the root of the relationship between man and nature. Judeo-Christian thought had a major impact in how people see the environment and the role we play as humans. God said to Adam and Eve, “Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over fish of the sea, and over fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth” (Genesis 1:27-8). Because of this statement and its influence on religion, the majority attitude has been that man rules over nature and animals to do with as we wish. Eventually, the exploration into environmental ethics started to produce some interesting philosophies that pondered whether this issue had instrumental or intrinsic value (Brennan, 2008, pg. 1).
In 1968, a philosopher expanded on the concept of environmental ethics by expressing his opinion that “the growth of human population threatened the viability of planetary life-support systems” (Brennan, 2008, pg. 1). Furthermore, the new sights of our planet and its relation to space discovery brought about reactions to the reality that our earth was a unit in which we delicately are allocated to live, and it should be treated as a valuable and sensitive resource. Perhaps the most influential publication in regards to environmental ethics was A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold which investigated certain aspects of our environment and brought about the serious contemplations that should be examined (Necsoiu, 2002, pg. 1). Although the development of environmental ethics in this period of time was not yet philosophical, many environmentalists urged their views to be adopted by philosophers in an attempt to expose the concepts of environmental ethics.
Present
Where this beginning has led us is in a confusing period of extreme views and strong opposition of environmental ethics. This topic has bled into politics, economics, and many facets of our society. The subject of global warming, a relatively new concept, has been debated passionately in our culture. Global warming has to do with the aspect of climate changes in our environment. “Climate change refers to any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer)” (U.S. Environmental Protection, 2008, pg. 1). Political candidates use this topic to entice votes, and environmentalists push the issue on people worldwide. We have Earth Day dedicated to the support and preservation of our environment. This topic has even inspired moviemakers to release a blockbuster film in 2004 called The Day After Tomorrow, based on global warming and the extreme possibilities that could happen as a result. The influence from the entertainment and media industries is immense, thus resulting in another outbreak of concern from the movie’s depiction of coming events.
Some still believe that the earth is a resource that replenishes itself, and the allegations that we are destroying our environment are merely an attempt to scare the public. According to Rush Limbaugh, a nationally syndicated radio host and political commentator, “despite the hysterics of a few pseudo-scientists, there is no reason to believe in global warming” (Limbaugh, 2008, pg. 171). Others argue that we are depleting our natural resources and using the environment recklessly, which will eventually cause destruction. Chris Conklin, an environmental scientist, says “at the rate we're going, the survival of certain parts of the globe will soon come into question. Some of the world's leading experts in biodiversity are warning of a mass extinction of plant and animal species" (Powell, 2007, pg. 1). Whether those who believe there is no ethics pertaining to environment or that our environment deserves to have rights respected by ethical choices, it is clear that this is a major concern in society and one that cannot be ignored. And although there seems to be a huge divide between both viewpoints, there are still many variables that support different perspectives of this controversy. The determination of intrinsic or instrumental value of our environment affects how we choose to progress with this philosophy. If we are to concentrate on protecting the environment, is it because it will directly effect how human beings live in the future, or because the environment has its own rights separate from that of humans?
Future
If environmental ethics are warranted, and we indeed have dramatic changes that need to be made, it is evident that our society is in conflict with what should be done or if anything should for that matter. Our world could come to a screeching halt or go on as usual, unaffected by the ways we exploit its resources. Because we cannot know for sure, it is probably a wise decision to keep the public informed and try to be aware of our actions. If environmental crisis is a complete farce, it can still be argued that recycling and other earth friendly endeavors can only help the world we live in, nature and humans alike.
Even those that say environmentalists and activists are merely screaming that the sky is falling, many can still agree on one universal truth: the earth is precious and we should do what we can to nurture it as it has done for us. Our culture typically loves the outdoors and enjoys all of the manmade pleasures that became possible by nature’s resources. We love to hike, ski, have picnics in the park, climb mountains, kayak, and fish. The question in my opinion is do we use our natural resources more than we protect them? Give and take is a major ethical concept that one must ponder. It exists naturally in all aspects of life. It is wonderful to give back because receiving is so fundamentally important. Love cannot survive without give and take, nor can healthy lifestyles, or a professional career. By practicing give and take with our environment, we will undoubtedly enjoy our resources more if we do what we can to care for them.
I believe that it is imperative to continue to study the changes that occur with our planet, and try and predict dangers that may arise. It cannot be ignored that although these factors of climate changes and dangerous predictions of future theological conditions may not be directly related to human consumption, they do indeed exist. And it cannot be denied that we have all witnessed garbage in our oceans, devastating fires erupting in our forests from the hands of careless people, and many other disrespectful actions towards nature. By reflecting on the past of environmental ethics, we can understand the current state it holds today, and the possible futuristic outcomes that may arise. Whether the motivation is to care for nature because it deserves its own rights as an entity, or to protect it solely because it affects humans, it is clear that we should try to humor any notions that evolve to better the world we live in.
References
Necsoiu, M. (2002). Environmental Ethics. A Very Brief History of the Origins of
Environmental Ethics for the Novice. Retrieved June 13, 2008, from http://www.cep.unt.edu/novice.html.
Brennan, A. (2008). Environmental Ethics. Retrieved June 10, 2008, from
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/.
The Holy Bible, Red-Letter Text Edition. Nashville: Tennessee, 2003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2008). U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Climate Change. Retrieved June 11, 2008, from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basicinfo.html.
Powell, S. (2007). The Australian. How we’re destroying our habitat. Retrieved June 13,
2008, from http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22753067-30417,00.html.
Limbaugh, R. (1993). See I Told You So. New York: Pocket Books.
The Historical Progression of African Americans
The Historical Progression of African Americans
Jeannette Villatoro
GSN0839A
Dan French
October 24, 2008
The Historical Progression of African Americans
America is a powerful nation with a colorful history. Today it is a country in which people of all ethnicities and backgrounds can share in the common good. But there is a dark side to America’s past that has hindered the progression of a certain group of people: African Americans. Through intense struggles and oppression, African American people have suffered some of the worst injustices imaginable to mankind. But through perseverance and determination, African Americans have managed to succeed in a steady progression throughout history, leading to present day victories. As the nation changed for the better, many affluent aspects of African American life such as culture, politics, and social development helped to release the plague upon African Americans whilst eventually opening an avenue of successful reform.
Cultural Effects
Perhaps one of the most distinctive sufferance that African Americans endured was that of slavery. In the words of one former slave, Booker T. Washington, that later became famous for his remembrances and reflections of this troubling time in history, “My life had its beginning in the midst of the most miserable, desolate, and discouraging surroundings” (Washington, 2008, pg. 1).
African Americans had a horrid beginning in America, as they were stripped of all civilian rights and were given the sole purpose of being held as property; to produce work, to be used, abused, and discarded if considered no longer substantial in worth. No human rights were bestowed upon them, and they were prisoners of the will of the whites. Commonly they were made to be the center focus of all white families. They cleaned the home, cooked the meals, tended the fields, and nurtured the growing children while they were deprived of any ability to flourish in their own lives. They were denied the right to marry and have strong family bonds. The duress they faced was a form of violence against the entire race, and African Americans began to adopt the expected role in which society placed upon them in the face of their struggle to maintain their inner worth (Harding, 2007).
Despite the repressive efforts of the whites, African Americans did manage to stabilize their religious and cultural beliefs as a means to survival, however diminished. The influence of religion was no less hoisted upon the slaves of whites, yet African Americans rejected the notions of Catholicism and Protestant beliefs to adapt a new religion, and developed the “New World” (Harding, 2007, pg. 1). This religion was nurtured by an abundant sense of music and ritual dancing that incorporated the inflictions of the African Americans while keeping alive the culture and beauty of a once fluent people, subsequently providing hope for a miracle of change.
Another way of holding on to some remnant of identity through constant oppression was rebelling against the intentions of the whites. Although slaves learned early on to accept their role and do what was expected, oftentimes when bonding together they went against the rules and thrived to have their own piece of life. “Although marriage between black female and male slaves was generally prohibited by law, this did not prevent these slaves from performing their own secret rituals of commitment, love, and fidelity” (Franklin, 2007, pg. 43).
Seemingly, whites as an entity were entirely against any rights for slaves that would include such rituals as marriage, or educational benefits such as schooling, or even social activities. But as slavery sluggishly continued, many whites became adamant about letting
religion or education into the lives of their slaves. This is when the start of a revolutionary change began, for African Americans had no voice or strength without even a miniscule effort from whites on the road to reform and restitution.
Political Effects
Perhaps the most jarred population where slavery was concerned was that of women. In fact, it was predominately women who jumpstarted the progression of African Americans. Despite their own societal prejudices and oppression of rights, and perhaps because of that similarity shared with blacks, women became the light of hope for many African Americans trapped in slavery and abuse. Alice C. Smith from New York had a heart of gold and worked with troubled women and children. This soon sparked into an active role in fighting the subjugation against African Americans. In reference to the problematic treatment of blacks, Smith replied in an article written in 1913 of her movement, “They are not held by bars or locked doors, but by fear!” (Good Women can Help Solve the Slave Problem, 1913, pg. 1).And indeed, with activism by women and other determined whites, the slave era would begin to crumble.
Sectionalism erupted between the industrial North and agricultural South that included issues such as slavery and statehood (Jewett, L., 2006). Conflict exploded and the civil war began. “For almost a century, the interpretation favored by most historians was one of a mismanaged military occupation of the South by Northerners bent on vengeance against a "prostrate" South” (Ransom, R., 2005).
Abraham Lincoln was president when serious reform began to come alive. Lincoln had a plan that led to the Proclamation to Amnesty and Reconstruction issued in December 1863. This would prevent slavery to expand beyond the states in which slavery already existed. The goal was to eradicate slavery altogether as the injustice and immoral implications of slavery was becoming more obvious. Emancipation of slaves was a major topic for radical republicans, but it was strongly opposed by democrats and southern whites (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008). The Confederate Sates of America were formed in rebellion of the United States and the nation’s attempt to end slavery in America.
The United States was experiencing a comfortable economical system with booming growth. There were improvements that made the U.S. powerful in trade and economical independence such as the railroad, the steamboat and the telegraph (Davidson, et al., 2008). The labor situation was one of which most farm and production systems were privileged with the opportunity of free labor from black slaves. As the introduction to possible reform became pronounced, many were against the idea for reasons of bigotry along with the onset of a decline in economic steadfastness.
After Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, possibly because of his determination to end slavery, President Johnson took the reigns of political power. He took over where Lincoln left on in terms of Reconstruction, but with his own agenda. Possibly the most fundamentally significant events in reformation for blacks besides the abolishment of slavery was the insertion of the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States. This amendment was passed in 1866, taking much power away from the president and securing basic rights to blacks (Davidson, et al., 2008).
It was a long, slow, and dangerous struggle, but slavery was becoming an outlawed institution. Many states refused to uphold the law, making abolishment even more difficult. Political policies of reform bridged the way for necessary steps taken for freed slaves and although most attempts were lacking, the desire to integrate African Americans successfully into the very place they were ostracized was apparent. However, most white southerners took out their anger and frustration against newly freed blacks. This posed a huge threat to freed people and furthermore hindered any progression into mainstream society.
In most cases, slavery was a hell in which any freedom would be highly acceptable. In the collection of several slave narratives, one particular slave named Mary Reynolds recalls slavery being the worst time in her life. “Slavery was the worst days were ever seed in the world. They was things past tellin', but I got the scars on my old body to show to this day" (cited from Fort, 1996, pg. 1). This reflected the poor and usually abusive treatment of blacks as slaves. But even as they became freed, some former slaves held a different view of events in which being free was a much more strenuous and difficult time for them. As Charity Anderson, a former slave who evoked her experience with slavery recalled, “My old Marster [sic] was a good man, he treated all his slaves kind, and took care of dem [sic]" (cited from Fort, 1996, pg. 1). The transition from slavery to freedom was a harsh one for most blacks, who found themselves unprepared for self sufficiency.
Although the eradication of slavery was an enormous step in the right direction if not a singular celebratory event, there was very little done to reform the black population. In essence, they were thrown to the wolves and made to survive in a world that previously marked them as useless and inferior beings. Many whites still held this view, and blacks found themselves in sometimes worse circumstances than during slavery.
Social Effects
While the amended constitutions declared equal rights for blacks including the right to vote, there was still turbulence with social reform for African Americans. The cause of this led to segregation, in which states may have reluctantly upheld the idea of slavery being no longer, but would refuse to accept blacks as regular citizens with civilian rights similar to the white population. (Davidson, et al., 2008).
The most evident problems that occurred due to freeing slaved people were the economical dilemma and the labor force crisis (Leon, F., 1983). Being a nation with abundant sources of free labor, the United States suddenly found itself in an oncoming depression. The freedom of African Americans radically changed the labor force, thus causing more animosity and segregation between races.
The whites were not the only ones who suffered, as newly freed blacks were faced with the impasse of making their own way in society, both financially and socially. Blacks were often the last to be hired, and more than often had to succumb to conditions not unlike slavery in which they would live on plantations owned by whites and given shelter and food in place of wages (Shmidt, R. 2008). Loans, subsidies, and tax exemptions had to be instated in order for there to be a lack of recession in the United States. The economic situation was very fragile, and things did not appear to be getting any better.
As times slowly progressed, blacks were making their way into society with a hope of self reliance and a freedom beyond experience. “In 1865, the Freedman's Bureau Act passed by the U.S. Congress recognized the justice of reparations and allocated 40 acres of land at nominal rent to every former male slave. After this was vetoed by President Andrew Jackson, an alternative proposal in 1867 to provide 40 acres and $50 to all former slaves was also rejected by Congress. However, reparations were never paid to the former slaves, and discrimination supported by law and/or custom has prevented their descendants from closing the Black-White SES gap in the past 140 years” (Williams, D., 2004).
Although it was highly difficult and sometimes impossible for blacks to retain their own land rights and economic independence, some African Americans were given unusual opportunities for such benefits. Benjamin Montgomery was a former slave whose previous owner allotted him the ability to own land. Montgomery extended these rights to several other blacks, heightening the possibility of African Americans to overcome oppression and take hold of their own destinies (Davidson, et al., 2008).
As time moved on, blacks had managed to progress in society as their own people but they were still burdened by segregation. In the beginning stages of segregation, shortly after slavery was outlawed, the imposition of segregation did not particularly bother most African Americans who were more than pleased to be separate from the whites that so heinously treated the blacks (Paton, A., 1954). However, as the 1950’s approached, it soon became apparent that equal rights were a myth rather than reality when blacks could not acquire the same education as whites, order a hot meal in a restaurant, or attend the zoo on days in which white people were patrons (Davidson, et al., 2008).
Several acts of African Americans began to change the slow progression they experienced in the early nineteenth century. Forms of civil disobedience began to occur substantially throughout the United States. Many of these boycotts were led by the great civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr. (Davidson, et al., 2008). The segregation of blacks soon began to collapse in the face of such movements. Many whites joined in the plights for equal rights for blacks. Eventually, as the progression was evident but still unresponsive to many of the issues that inundated African Americans, violence started to transpire. Whenever an injustice arouse against blacks, there were riots and other violent acts to raise awareness and express anger.
The insolence demonstrated by African Americans was not unmerited. Since the beginning of emancipation, conditions for African Americans were brutal if not completely destitute. Since slavery enforced the denial of rights to certain basic freedoms such as education, marriage, family and financial rights, many blacks found themselves hopelessly thrust into a society they could not become resilient to. Therefore, poverty and destruction was a common thread among African American struggles, and continues to hinder their success today.
Economic conditions remain stagnant and depressing for African Americans today. “In the United States, African-Americans as a socioeconomically group have a lower annual income than White America”, (Holzer, H., 2004). Many reforms have continued to be introduced into America to help shape the success of African Americans and other minorities. Laws forbidding employers or housing to discriminate on the basis of race, color, or creed was integrated into a new social system that is designed to create equal opportunities for all people. Affirmative Action was implemented in 1995 to execute damage control from the past repression of African Americans as well as other minorities to allow higher privileges in education and the workplace. Unfortunately the past cannot be undone, and the pressures to exterminate the effects of slavery and oppression have proven to be a constant struggle. The horrible consequences are palpable in the statistics of African American’s in today’s society. However, growth and success are unmistakable as we see with many social developments for African Americans who fought and won to embrace all opportunities that were allotted to whites. And with steady rises in black enrollment in colleges, business minded African American’s becoming role models of success for others, and especially the most groundbreaking accomplishment of African American’s to date; a black presidential candidate, it seems that America is finally on the road to recovery as is the African American race.
African Americans have faced tremendous challenges from the beginning of history until now.
Struggles are still highly eminent among blacks in today’s society, but great strides have been made to change this. The events of slavery and oppression are still young in history, echoing the hardships that blacks have had to overcome in American. But with the attempts of many whites to change the face of our nation in regards to civil rights for blacks, along with African Americans taking full charge of their future through maintaining strength in cultural bonds and exuding activism, we can now experience the amazing results of diminishing discrimination in our country.
References
References
Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff (2008). Nation of nations: a narrative history of the American Republic (6th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
Holzer, H. (2005). My Canes. Black Economics in America. Retrieved October 23, 2008, from http://umsis.miami.edu/~jbrown5/Serious%20Issue.htm.
Franklin, R. (2007). Crisis in the village: Restoring hope in African American communities. New York, New York: Fortress Press.
Good women can help solve the slave problem. (1913). The New York Times, p. X10.
Shmidt, R. (2008). Wisconsin Historical Society. African-American Newspapers and Periodicals. Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/libraryarchives/aanp/freedom/
Jewett, L. (2006). Beyond Face Value. Overview of the civil war. Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://www.lib.lsu.edu/cwc/BeyondFaceValue/overview/index.htm.
Williams , D R. (2004). Reparations: A Viable Strategy to Address the Enigma of African American Health. The American Behavioral Scientist, 47, Retrieved October 12, 2008, from http://prquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=569990701&sid=3&Fmt=4&clientId=7439& RQT+309&VName=PQD.
Paton, Alan (1954). History Matters. "The Negro in America Today": South African Novelist Alan Paton Dissects the Racial Situation in the South in the Year of Brown v. Board of Education. Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6337/.
Fink, Leon (1983). Union Power, Soul Power: The Story of 1199B and Labor's Search for a Southern Strategy. Southern Changes, 5, Retrieved October 12, 2008, from http://beck.library.emory.edu/southernchanges/article.php?id=sc05-2_006.
Harding, R E. (2007). You got a right to the tree of life: African American Spirituals and Religions of the Diaspora. Cross Currents `, 57, Retrieved October 10, 2008, from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1479779311&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=743 79&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Fort, Bruce (1998). American Slave Narratives. American slave narratives: an online anthology. Retrieved October 3, 2008, from http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/wpa/wpahome.html.
Ransom, R. L. (2005). Reconstructing Reconstruction: Options and Limitations to Federal Policies on Land Distribution in 1866-67. Civil War History, 51. Retrieved October 11, 2008 from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=953756591&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=7437 9&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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