Narcissism in the Maladaptive World
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Abnormal psychology is a realm of psychological study that dares to define maladaptive behavior and discover the causal effects of less than normal attributes in terms of human conduct. Abnormal psychology envelops many inflictions from depression to serious psychological disorders. Among these psychological abnormalities are personality disorders in which prove to be cumbersome for people in regards to adapting well with their environment. Narcissism is one such personality disorder that can be very dilapidating to an individual. This author will attempt to delve into the definition of narcissism, explore some of its causes and effects and how it relates to society, and measure the possibility of success in terms of psychological treatment for this disorder.
Narcissism Defined
It is imperative for people to positively interact in a social setting. Human beings require social interaction and crave compatibility with others. These are significant aspects of human nature that narcissism defies. Those diagnosed with narcissism lack the desire to interact and expects only acknowledgment of their own presence. Moreover, they deliberately concentrate on the importance and impact of their existence rather relying on constructive interface with other people. Therefore, narcissism is a staid disorder in which a huge deficit in social contexts and a concentration on self prevents healthy and successful living.
The word narcissism comes from a character in a tale by Ovid in which a proud, handsome son of a god and nymph named Narcissus rejects the love of another who then puts a spell on him that entices him to fall in love with his own reflection in a pond. Narcissus continually admires his reflection, but perils and dies because it is inaccessible (Straker, D., 2009).
Narcissism falls into the dominion of personality disorders that involve “dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior” (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002, p. 301). A person diagnosed with narcissist personality will portray many self-serving traits. This ostentatious person is focused mainly on their self, has little or no regard for others, and will easily cause harm to others without any thought. This person thrives on attention and believes they have elevated self-importance (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Common observation leads to a notion that those with narcissism have higher self-esteem, which in turn leads to aggression. “This theory is evidenced by nationalistic imperialism, master race ideologies, aristocratic dueling, playground bullies, and street gang rhetoric” (Bushman, B., Baumeister, R., 1998, p. 1).
Narcissism has been a fascinating issue in psychology since the history of time. Psychoanalytical upheaval of this disorder can indeed be traced back to earlier historical times, in which many psychologists and scientists worked tirelessly on narcissism. One of the most prominent psychologists that dared to elicit answers and define this disorder was Sigmund Freud. The attempt to grasp the disorder and its many complexities continue with psychology today.
According to current psychological consideration of this disorder, there are two types of narcissistic behavior that is categorized in psychological study. Primary narcissism is said to be the main type of narcissism in which develops in infanthood. Young babies must be self-focused in order to preserve and protect their life and gain attention from parents during the development of self (Straker, D., 2009) Secondary narcissism is evident in “older children and adults seek personal gratification over the achievement of social goals and conformance to social values” (Straker, D., 2009, p. 1).
With the extreme connotations of this disorder, and the adverse effects it has on individuals and society, narcissism infects many. However, even with its serious inference, it is also a commonality among most people. Human beings are born with a distinct of amount narcissism as a survival tool. Children have similar focus on their own well being as they grow and remain the center of attention in families. It is when an individual displays severe disregard for others and will deliberately impair the comfort of others in order to continue a self-serving motive that narcissim takes a form of dangerous proportions and can be identified as a personality dysfunction. The true challenge is to identify the line between normal self-functioning and the onset of narcissism as a personality disorder.
Narcissism is a dangerous affliction. Most personality disorders have the common factor of affecting the afflicted individual greatly. Ease of living and quality of life are highly troubled by personality disorders. A person’s way of handling problems and adversity are limited to a set way of thinking and behaving, which inhibits true success in life (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Narcissism is unique, however, due to its blatant affect on other people. One with narcissism causes trauma to others, deliberately manipulates or hurts another person to gain individual satisfaction, and can greatly cause turmoil to loved ones and family members. Because of these distinct factors of this personality disorder, narcissism is a serious burden with little hope of reversal and a dramatic implication on the rest of society.
Cause and Effect
The causes of narcissism are difficult at best to uncover in a general standpoint. It is evident that this disorder accumulates often in early adulthood (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Because each individual is different and life situations are fluctuated among each person, it is hard to discover any supposed caused of this disorder. Psychological differences are copious among each person as well. What psychology has proven coherently through study is that environmental and psychological influences are usually forces that work hand-in-hand. Therefore, trying to unearth specific attributes to a certain disorder can be trying at the least.
The psychobiology is thought to be a major cause of narcissism. How the brain functions in connection with behavior can lead to many narcissistic tendencies. A negative childhood or a childhood filled with excessive attention and indulgence hoisted upon the child are also said to have a major effect on this disorder. Abuse and neglect are also predisposed conditions that may lead to narcissism as well as many other disorders (Crown, S., Freeman, H., 1994).
The diagnosis of narcissism is quite easier to discern than causal instigations of the disorder. Symptoms of narcissism include lack of feeling for others, a willingness to take advantage of others, exaggerated belief in self-ability, a heightened sense of self-importance, focus on wealth and power, a demand for special attention without particular cause, and a stipulation of being admired by others (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Though many human beings have some minuscule specimens of these particular symptoms that can be manifested in everyday life, it is particularly of concern when these symptoms are extreme and are displayed in unison that narcissism is a possibility. With the observation of narcissistic symptoms, there are ways for psychologists to determine the severity of the disorder and the many factors that play a role in the overall magnitude of narcissism within an individual.
Narcissism is a grim disorder yet the idiom is used commonly when describing someone with a seemingly inflated ego. Although varying degrees of narcissism is possible, with some phases proving less severe than others, it is important to diagnose the disorder officially. This can be done lucratively using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) in psychology. This provides the possibility for a psychologist or clinician to diagnose certain disorders using a multiaxial assessment system (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). The Axis diagnostic model is the best tool for capturing and categorizing narcissism, which is compartmentalized as an Axis II disorder. Within this diagnostic instrument, psychologists can determine certain characteristics and models of behavior that calculate a true disorder.
Within the Axis model, there are separate categories of diagnosis that help define a disorder, its properties, and any other physical or mental contributions to the said disorder. Axis I will detect clinical disorders. If a clinical health diagnosis is absent, V71.09 will be placed within the first Axis (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Axis II is for mental retardation and personality disorders. Axis III will illustrate medical conditions, while Axis IV will represent psychosocial and environmental factors. Axis V will give a professional a synopsis and overall view of the complete disorder that a patient suffers from (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). If a patient came in to a psychologist’s office with several symptoms, the Axis would be used to connect all abnormalities and determine a diagnosis. For example, if the patient was found to have an episode of major depressive disorder and drug abuse, it would be concluded within Axis I. Narcissism would be in Axis II, and infection of the nose and throat with open wounds on abdomen would belong in Axis III. If the patient has been unemployed for several months, has a promiscuous lifestyle, and also has a poor relationship with siblings, this would fit in Axis IV. The final diagnosis would be exhibited in Axis V and would include a GAF score to establish the rigorous nature of the total disorder.
Self-aggrandizing behavior is common in society today and may even be accepted in some forms. We see narcissism in overly deserving financial choices that Americans make on an everyday basis, and we notice self-serving behaviors among individuals working to get ahead in life. Yet, it is a term used loosely to create an insult to someone with high self-esteem or general interest in his or her own well-being. Narcissism as a disorder runs much deeper than this, and the causes are among a great psychological struggle to uncover. The effects of narcissism, however, are much less difficult to penetrate and realize, as narcissism effects many and can lead to aggression and even violent behavior.
The connotation that low self-esteem causes aggressive behavior is well on its way to extinction. There is little proof to back that scenario, and furthermore, it is evident that those with aggressive propensities oftentimes display unusually amounts of high self-esteem or regard for one’s own self (Bushman, B., Baumeister, R., 1998). Once a person with narcissistic behavior feels that their self-esteem or self-efficacy is threatened, that person has a good chance of lashing out on others. Furthermore, the act of gaining satisfaction from hurting or manipulating others tends to branch new and dangerous territory for society. Narcissism is unlike many disorders because of the ability to effect others. Many psychological disorders cause harm, but usually the person distressed with the disorder is the one who is internally disturbed and tortured by the affliction.
Another seemingly consequential effect of narcissism is that the person with this disorder has less chance of rehabilitation as the disorder progresses. Regard for one’s self grows to immense proportions, and the importance of maintaining the heightened ego becomes a necessity. The deliberate burden that is pushed on others to uphold a narcissistic personality is quite bothersome. If a narcissist loses his or her viewed abilities and entitlement, danger may ensue involving violent behavior. The worse fear of a narcissist is that they become less significant in the world. Therefore, the narcissism grows continually and becomes a reality that is not easily shaken, regardless of substantial treatment measures that are applied.
In addition to the harm this disorder causes within society and one’s self, this disorder also affects the afflicted person in many other ways. Adjusting to society is nearly impossible as the disorder grows. A person with narcissism cannot communicate or fit in with others. Working or gaining meaningful relationships are tasks that are beyond capability for a narcissist (Crown, S., Freeman, H., 1994). The patient will fall into a small world created only of their own wills and desires that are nearly impossible to control, creating mass distention of the disorder. In an accurate and compelling description of narcissism and the trials of this disorder, one source explains the intent of a narcissist and the effects of the disorder, “narcissism is characterized by feelings of superiority over other people, and so simple disregard for the rights and feelings of others could result in higher aggression, even in the absence of threat. It is also plausible that narcissists perceive social life as a series of struggles for dominance, and so they may attack others regardless of direct threat, simply as a means of establishing themselves in a superior position by conquering or intimidating other individuals” (Bushman, B., Baumeister, R., 1998, p. 3).
Treatment and Successful Dissuading
Treating narcissism disorder entails much complexity. One who is living with the distorted reality of narcissism may have grown to obtain it throughout childhood with finally gaining momentum in early adulthood. Someone with this disorder may be very comfortable with his or her ideal ways of thinking and behaving, making successful finality of treatment almost impossible. There is very little hope that treatment will cure this disorder, as narcissism involves a strong sense of being and a guarded way of thinking. Nonetheless, treatment is available within the psychological spectrum. In order to treat someone for narcissism, the particular candidacies must be unearthed that seemingly may have caused narcissism within this individual. A malignant narcissist may defy any change in behavior and will especially disagree with any prognosis made by anther human being. If the narcissist has had success in life with the way they have lived, it may be even more difficult to pry them away from their way of behaving. It is a narrow path to walk in treating narcissism, but there are many techniques in which promote rays of minimal hope in decreasing this steadily dangerous personality disorder.
Despite a grandiose sense of self, and a likely chance to resist treatment, some narcissists are not necessarily happy with their condition and internally seek help to change. In these cases, treatment is possible and worthy of attempt. Another reason for a narcissist to seek treatment is if they feel that their reality has been threatened by accomplishments by others, and their self-image has been somewhat damaged. The desire would be to have their self-importance validated and restored. The most common treatment that is implemented with narcissism is through psychotherapy either individually or in a group setting. A narcissist may experience other symptoms that affect the disorder in which antidepressants and medications may be prescribed.
Narcissism is almost regarded as a mystery in psychology. This self-serving disorder inhibits truly successful functioning in society as well as being a major detriment to others. It has been studies throughout history and has yet to find a sustainable causal relationship with environmental or biological factors. The DSM-IV assessment tool can help to diagnose this disorder, as the symptoms are so prevalent that they are difficult to ignore. Treatment of this disorder is difficult to accomplish, however, and most people afflicted with a narcissist personality disorder continue the behavior and grow into more hardened cases. It is also very disconcerting to know that narcissism is not a psychological anomaly in that many human beings display some narcissistic behavior starting as early as childhood, with society being an acceptor of such behaviors.
With the grim realities of narcissism stimulating psychological studies in today’s world, it seems unlikely that there will be successful treatments and determents from this disorder. While defining and diagnosing narcissism is a task that is quite obtainable, it is overwhelmingly palpable that treatment is a perspective of this disorder that is complex. With the social implications of narcissism as well as the harm it causes, it is a crucial challenge to continue the discovery of this disorder. Psychology has been a focus of interest throughout history with the attempt of uncovering the human psyche and curing illnesses of the mind. It is a fascinating field of study with many new and exciting discoveries made regularly. Therefore, it is comprehensible that some day narcissism will be easier to understand, eventually encouraging obliteration.
References
Bushman, B, & Baumeister, R (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and
direct and displaced. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 75, 14-19. Crown, S., Freeman, H. (1994). The Book of Psychiatric Books. Lanham, MD: Jason
Aronson.
Sarason, I., Sarason, B. (2002) Abnormal Psychology: The problem of maladaptive
behavior (10th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Straker , David (2009). Narcissism. Retrieved May 24, 2009, from ChangingMinds.org
Web site: http://changingminds.org/disciplines/psychoanalysis/concepts/narcissism.htm.
Thursday, March 25, 2010
Qualitatitive Paradigm ©
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
At the heart of all research is the question: what data is appropriate? I personally lean to the side of qualitative data because I am a hands-on type of person that seems to look at the whole picture and try to connect clues in that way. I am not a numbers kind of gal, so the qualitative approach peaks my interest. Qualitative data is a great tool to use in research. A researcher must ascertain if qualitative data is appropriate for not only the subject matter, but also the experiment. Since numbers aren’t the star player in this kind of research, there must be verifiable aspects that are bright and obvious to the phenomenon at hand.
Qualitative research is unique in the field. It is a way for the experimenter to jump in and observe and study something in its entirety rather than narrowing it down to certain aspects of its credentials (Davis, Smith, 2009). Usually this approach is valued with the overall picture in a holistic view, and the researcher determines the results after jumping in full force in the natural setting (Davis, Smith, 2009). Details are built rather than destructed to prove the matters of the research.
So, it may be feasible to wonder how research is conducted in a respected and verifiable manner in a field that seems to favor scientific readiness and surety with calculations. Confirmability is one of the most fundamentally significant factors involved in data analysis, especially when it has to do with qualitative data. The recorder, or experimenter that reports the findings, is at the heart of this project and the confirmability of it (Davis, Smith, 2009). There must not be any cause for bias to seep into the realm of the study or the data that is recorded. Accuracy is a must with unbiased and confirmable findings. The best way to ensure this is to have other researchers work on a report to compare what was interpreted. Another method is for the researcher to “indicate the procedures they used” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 51) so that anyone observing the data can check the findings and how they were brought about. And finally, coding can be used to make certain that the findings and the process of reaching them are understood. This involves “labeling and categorizing the phenomena being studied” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 55) as well as using distinct coding techniques to discover gaps between certain areas and by telling the story of the findings.
Because the researcher is using qualitative date, he or she must be aware of the possible scrutiny that may come from the final result. There may not be data calculations or sums to prove what was sought and collected, therefore these measures of confirmability, making sure that bias is never involved in addition to coding the data must be used to keep the nature of qualitative research alive and well and deemed as reliable as quantitative research.
References
Davis, S. F., & Smith, R. A. (2009). The Psychologist as Detective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
At the heart of all research is the question: what data is appropriate? I personally lean to the side of qualitative data because I am a hands-on type of person that seems to look at the whole picture and try to connect clues in that way. I am not a numbers kind of gal, so the qualitative approach peaks my interest. Qualitative data is a great tool to use in research. A researcher must ascertain if qualitative data is appropriate for not only the subject matter, but also the experiment. Since numbers aren’t the star player in this kind of research, there must be verifiable aspects that are bright and obvious to the phenomenon at hand.
Qualitative research is unique in the field. It is a way for the experimenter to jump in and observe and study something in its entirety rather than narrowing it down to certain aspects of its credentials (Davis, Smith, 2009). Usually this approach is valued with the overall picture in a holistic view, and the researcher determines the results after jumping in full force in the natural setting (Davis, Smith, 2009). Details are built rather than destructed to prove the matters of the research.
So, it may be feasible to wonder how research is conducted in a respected and verifiable manner in a field that seems to favor scientific readiness and surety with calculations. Confirmability is one of the most fundamentally significant factors involved in data analysis, especially when it has to do with qualitative data. The recorder, or experimenter that reports the findings, is at the heart of this project and the confirmability of it (Davis, Smith, 2009). There must not be any cause for bias to seep into the realm of the study or the data that is recorded. Accuracy is a must with unbiased and confirmable findings. The best way to ensure this is to have other researchers work on a report to compare what was interpreted. Another method is for the researcher to “indicate the procedures they used” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 51) so that anyone observing the data can check the findings and how they were brought about. And finally, coding can be used to make certain that the findings and the process of reaching them are understood. This involves “labeling and categorizing the phenomena being studied” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 55) as well as using distinct coding techniques to discover gaps between certain areas and by telling the story of the findings.
Because the researcher is using qualitative date, he or she must be aware of the possible scrutiny that may come from the final result. There may not be data calculations or sums to prove what was sought and collected, therefore these measures of confirmability, making sure that bias is never involved in addition to coding the data must be used to keep the nature of qualitative research alive and well and deemed as reliable as quantitative research.
References
Davis, S. F., & Smith, R. A. (2009). The Psychologist as Detective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Quantitative Model ©
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Quantitative data is quite different from qualitative in that it deals with recorded data of numerical value. The non-experimental methods that are used are plenty and represent the statistical data that can be gathered by using quantitative research.
Surveys, questionnaires, tests, and inventories are used in quantitative research. These are used to gather opinions on an issue that is being studied and proves to be a viable method rather the surveys or forms of questionnaires are analytical or descriptive (Davis, Smith, 2009). This is common for companies wanting to illicit responses to recent campaigns or for running congressmen to ask average citizens how and why they vote. Some problems that can occur using these methods are that people cannot be truthful or may be vague on such surveys, and also the questions can be misinterpreted. And other problem arises when surveys are mailed out and participants do not respond (Davis, Smith, 2009). This method can be useful but may be most successful when combined with another research method.
Descriptive methods are also a part of the non-experimental realm of research. This can include archival and previously recorded sources of data in which a researcher answers a question about the problem at hand by researching data that was recorded by other parties for other purposes (Davis, Smith, 2009). Archival sources are available online to the public or through printed journals or published articles and there can be interesting facts obtained to substantiate a current research project or dilemma (Davis, Smith, 2009). Someone utilizing this way of research may be looking for gender differences in economic status through the census data of a certain city. A researcher should be careful with this method as an only source because the way the data was collected, whether or not there was bias and how the findings occurred cannot be necessarily verified.
One last part of this non-experimental area of learning is ex post facto studies in which variables that happened during an experiment are studied after the experiment is completed (Davis, Smith, 2009). This has to do with independent variables that we either could not manipulate during an experiment or didn’t recognize. We learned how variables could creep in and ruin or compromise a seemingly airtight research experiment, but ex post facto studies help to examine those variables and any possible effects they may have rendered on the research and the collected data. A researcher might examine the type of workplace or the sex of the participants as possible variables in an ex post facto study (Davis, Smith, 2009). Careful approach must be taken when this is done because “drawing conclusions” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 69) can easily become a problem after analyzing a completed experiment.
References
Davis, S. F., & Smith, R. A. (2009). The Psychologist as Detective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Quantitative data is quite different from qualitative in that it deals with recorded data of numerical value. The non-experimental methods that are used are plenty and represent the statistical data that can be gathered by using quantitative research.
Surveys, questionnaires, tests, and inventories are used in quantitative research. These are used to gather opinions on an issue that is being studied and proves to be a viable method rather the surveys or forms of questionnaires are analytical or descriptive (Davis, Smith, 2009). This is common for companies wanting to illicit responses to recent campaigns or for running congressmen to ask average citizens how and why they vote. Some problems that can occur using these methods are that people cannot be truthful or may be vague on such surveys, and also the questions can be misinterpreted. And other problem arises when surveys are mailed out and participants do not respond (Davis, Smith, 2009). This method can be useful but may be most successful when combined with another research method.
Descriptive methods are also a part of the non-experimental realm of research. This can include archival and previously recorded sources of data in which a researcher answers a question about the problem at hand by researching data that was recorded by other parties for other purposes (Davis, Smith, 2009). Archival sources are available online to the public or through printed journals or published articles and there can be interesting facts obtained to substantiate a current research project or dilemma (Davis, Smith, 2009). Someone utilizing this way of research may be looking for gender differences in economic status through the census data of a certain city. A researcher should be careful with this method as an only source because the way the data was collected, whether or not there was bias and how the findings occurred cannot be necessarily verified.
One last part of this non-experimental area of learning is ex post facto studies in which variables that happened during an experiment are studied after the experiment is completed (Davis, Smith, 2009). This has to do with independent variables that we either could not manipulate during an experiment or didn’t recognize. We learned how variables could creep in and ruin or compromise a seemingly airtight research experiment, but ex post facto studies help to examine those variables and any possible effects they may have rendered on the research and the collected data. A researcher might examine the type of workplace or the sex of the participants as possible variables in an ex post facto study (Davis, Smith, 2009). Careful approach must be taken when this is done because “drawing conclusions” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 69) can easily become a problem after analyzing a completed experiment.
References
Davis, S. F., & Smith, R. A. (2009). The Psychologist as Detective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Monday, March 15, 2010
Interpersonal Relationships and Communication ©
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Because we are profoundly communicative beings, perhaps one of the most impacting aspects of human life is interpersonal communication. The abounding interpersonal relationships we have with others not only define who we are but also reflect the perception that others have of us. Furthermore, how we communicate with those we hold relationships with affects the happiness and success we experience in life. Despite communication being a universal concept among all human beings, there is a conundrum of misconceptions about interpersonal communication. Having a strong self-perception and knowing the principles of interpersonal interaction is essential to communicating effectively. In addition, it is imperative to understand how to manage conflicts and be able to develop and apply emotional intelligence to interpersonal communication so that one’s self-concept and ability to communicate in a powerful manner will flourish.
Principles and Misconceptions
Interpersonal communication is fundamental necessity for a healthy life. We prosper from our relations with others and we consistently depend on our ways of relating and communicating to assure us of our place in this world. As stated by Dr. Ramesh Rao, “We thrive when we communicate well, and we starve ourselves of companionship, camaraderie and community when we fail to communicate effectively” (Rao, R., 2010, p. 1). Despite this generous conception of communication, it is evident that most of us lack knowledge of the basic principles of interpersonal communication and therefore take communication for granted. Conversely, interpersonal communication is in essence a simple notion. According to Hybel and Weaver II, “interpersonal communication is one person interacting with another on a one-to-one basis, often in an informal, unstructured setting” (Hybel, Weaver II, 2007, p. 7).
Interpersonal communication is derived from the close relationships we have in our life of our choosing. Yet, we have interface with people on many levels in our life, ranging from personal to professional. Interpersonal relationships constantly change and shift and can derive from formal settings. Relationships can vary from friendships, family members, lovers, acquaintances, professional and even adversaries. Life welcomes and encompasses most relationships in each of these categories. Therefore, it is important to understand how interpersonal communication propels us into successful encounters with other people and additionally enables us to have a better self-actualization.
Before the art of communication can be analyzed, one must clearly know and understand one’s self. This is so strongly connected to communication because our self-perception is vital to our well-being and how we portray ourselves to others. This will be the starting point of how others view us along with our communication style.
According to Dr. Khaleel Isa, there are four components to self that must be evaluated (Isa, 2007). The “known self” is the part of us we willingly incorporate in every day life and show to others. The “blind self” is the aspect of one’s self that others see clearly but that we are unaware. The “hidden self” is the part of us that we know of but do not share with others. Lastly, the “emotional self” is the part of us that “motivates us to be who we are” and is the part of us in which our “pathogenic belief system” lives (Isa, 2007, p. 2). Understanding these crucial constituents of the self will open the doorway to self-perception and communication rituals that will represent how we see our self and how we desire others to perceive us.
After uncovering our self-perception, an important factor of communication to be learned is knowing what defines communication and the many ways communication is expressed. Communication entails many factors and encompasses all that we are as communicative beings. We communicate through speech, facial expressions, affliction and tone of voice, body language, and even through the written word (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). We must be sentient to these various ways of communicating in addition to being able to maintain a consistency with all of these components. If we are praising someone, we should be able to use our language in addition to positive facial expressions and appropriate tone of voice. Similarly, if we are denigrating a person or their actions, we must make sure we are expressing this with all aspects of communication above and beyond our usage of words. Having an unswerving manner of communicating that represents a clear initiative will certainly propel a person forward with the ability to effectively communicate.
The principles of interpersonal communication are simple and central to effective communicating. The first vital principle is knowing that communication is not avertable. We must communicate and we thrive upon it. As stated by Donnell King, “we can't not communicate. The very attempt not to communicate communicates something” (King, 2000, p. 1). Knowing this principle of communication will surely give us the knowledge of how important it is to master the skills of effective communicating within interpersonal relationships. Additionally, communication is irreversible (King, 2007). You cannot undo what is said or done and the effect will always remain. Consciously applying this knowledge before communicating will perpetuate proper efforts to communicate reasonably. Furthermore, communication is complicated despite its universal appeal and simplistic concepts. According to King, “we don't actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas” (King, 2007, p. 2). This makes it even more ideal to be stern with our choices when interacting with others. Words and meanings can be misunderstood and misinterpreted, and this can lead to ramifications that are unseen as well as unintentional damage to interpersonal relationships. Lastly, one must understand that “interpersonal communication is contextual” (King, 2007, p. 2). There are psychological, cultural, emotional and environmental circumstances that will certainly affect the way communication is given and received. Having a strong handle on these varying corollaries will result in a hyper awareness of extraneous factors that can either inhibit or promote successful progression of interpersonal relationships through meaningful communication.
The misconceptions of interpersonal communication are plentiful. Because each individual is unique, it is easy to misunderstand others and in turn, misunderstand the communicating process. Furthermore, because we communicate on a consistent basis, most of us have the misconception that communication is an innate ability that does not necessarily have to be fine-tuned. One of the most common misconceptions of interpersonal communication is that the skill to communicate applies to everyone in every situation.
Every relationship one has with another person will differentiate from any other. Each person is unique with a variety of characteristics that may disparage or compliment our own. Hence, we must be able to apply the appropriate attitude and technique for the individual that we communicate with. Some of the most difficult personality types to deal with are defensive and combative personalities. People who are defensive are sensitive to judgment and criticism. It is necessary have a gentle approach when communication with people who are easily offended. Those who are combative may easily argue or try to cause conflict. People in this category need careful handling as well. One should remain positive with this kind of person and try to elicit understanding and a consensus with factual stability.
It can be challenging to assess each individual and how to correctly approach communication when there are so many factors involved. With the proper effort and evaluation, one can identify personality traits of an individual and build positive communication around those aspects. This not only develops proper interpersonal relationships, but also broadens the skills necessary to effectively communicate and represent oneself in a positive manner.
Managing Conflict
Even with the most developed communication skills and an understanding of the principles of interpersonal communication, conflict can abound. Conflict typically arises from a differentiation in opinions and from misunderstandings. We cannot control or prevent conflict from occurring, but we can certainly mold our communication to accept and react to conflict appropriately. Solving conflicts within interpersonal relationships, if done effectively and with care, can most definitely enhance the relationship and promote a better understanding between the people involved.
Through an extensive study, it was determined that there are diverse styles of organizational conflict that people use to communicate that can either magnify or negate conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). If a person utilizes the dominating style in which is perceived by others as usually inappropriate, conflict can more readily ensue. Participants in the study also perceived using the avoiding style of organizational conflict as inappropriate and this style would perpetuate a general misunderstanding between the conflicting parties. It appears that the obliging style, considered to be more neutral, would be the most effective means of simmering a conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). This style consists of listening, understanding and empathizing with the other party, and gently expressing one’s one position. These are all aspects of effective communicating and perpetuate a strong foundation in interpersonal relationships.
Some of the accompanying skills that should go along with the proper organizational conflict style can aid in abating conflict and increase proper listening in skillful discussion. One of the main qualities would be to stop listening to others as well as yourself. Learning how to still the voice within is a great contribution to active listening. In a conflict, it is common for someone to construct an argument in their mind before it is their turn to speak (Stewart, J., 2006). Empathy is a useful tool in conflict management although it may seem foreign to the subject at hand. Being able to insert oneself in the other person’s shoes and to imagine what it would be like to have their values, beliefs, point of view, and the same problems will aid in empathizing in a genuine fashion (Stewart, J., 2006). Inquiry is also an important step in conflict reduction. Being able to show the other person that you are truly interested in how they arrived to their view will clear the path for honorable disagreement and understanding instead of empty victories and meaningless debate.
There are simple procedures that can be used in order to negate conflict. One of the first steps in conflict management is to reduce anger and make a genuine resolution to stopping the conflict from getting worse (Elkind, 2007). Identifying the motives of each party and understanding what each person wants is another step into the right direction. To generate a smooth transition into a resolution, one should think of positive options and choose one that best favors each person involved (Elkind, 2007). Employing these unique management techniques in addition to acquiring and understanding one’s organizational conflict style will promote better conflict resolution. Conflict is to be expected and does not necessarily symbolize negativity. Conflict can bring two individuals to a closer understanding of one another and develop trust in the relationship that each person can respectfully solve issues when they arise. Therefore, understanding the science of conflict and how to manage it effectively may very well contribute to more positive interpersonal relationships.
Emotional Intelligence
According to Hybels and Weaver II, “emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and get along with others” (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007, p. 236). Despite the simplistic depiction, emotional intelligence is quite complex in nature. Emotional intelligence is something that is learned and must be nurtured. Understanding one’s self, the emotions that one has, how others affect one’s behavior, and how one should react to uncontrollable situations are all relative to emotional intelligence and highly influence the interpersonal relationships that are encountered. Emotional intelligence is arguably just as vital as intellectualness. In fact, studies have shown that those with a high emotional intelligence are generally more successful in life in personal and work-related endeavors (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007).
There are some essential elements of emotional intelligence that should be addressed. These elements are identification, assessment, and expression of emotions. Controlling one’s emotions is no easy feat, especially during stressful or controversial situations. Because conflict can arise at any time, even without being provoked, emotions can be overwhelming. Identifying what the causes of emotions are and what triggers these emotions will enable one to control them. Assessing the emotions before expression is a key component to emotional intelligence. By first recognizing emotions and then understanding why the emotions occurred, one can determine whether or not the emotions are justifiable for the situation at hand. Emotions can be influenced by how one was raised, stress, or any other critical factors that easily affect one’s quality of life (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). Therefore, it is safe to say that it is not always appropriate to express the emotions that are arising. The concluding element of emotional intelligence would be expression. After assessing the emotions that arose instead of expressing them the instant they occur, it is much easier to filter these emotions for expression. Similarly, with the ability to understand one’s own emotions, one can more easily recognize and react to other people’s emotional responses. These elements of emotional intelligence relate directly with interpersonal relationships and the way we choose to communicate and express our emotions. In fact, emotional expressiveness is the most imperative unit of measure in terms of effective communication.
Having a unique ability to empathize with others and to understand one’s self are key ingredients to successful communication. Lack of self-perception is a major inhibitor of emotional intelligence and prevents a readiness to communicate with an open mind. Developing one’s emotional intelligence is the root of proper communication and the bridge to thriving and cohesive interpersonal relationships.
Before anyone can truly benefit from and appreciate interpersonal relationships, one must have a strong sense of self. This begins the process of effective communication with others through an honest representation of motives and desires. Relationships prosper when reciprocation is equal and both parties have a respect for each other’s positions. Endorsing high emotional intelligence allows for conflict to be handled properly and communication to be well received. There is no escaping communication or it’s impact on the life of every human being. Therefore, each and every person should strive to master all of the key modules of communication skills. Overall, interpersonal communication not only aids the blossoming of personal emotional health and effectiveness, but it is also a vital component to human life.
References
Elkind, S. (2007). How to resolve conflicts without fighting. Retrieved from
http://www.goodcharacter.com/YCC/ResolvingConflicts.
Hybels, S., & Weaver II, R. (2007). Communicating effectively (eighth edition). New
York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Isa, K. (2007). Training program on communication skills. Retrieved from http://www.passia.org/seminars/2003/Communication-Khaleel-Isa.htm.
King, D. (2000). Four principles of interpersonal communication. Retrieved from http://www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/dking/interpr.htm.
Michael A Gross, & Laura K Guerrero. (2000). Managing conflict appropriately and effectively: An application of the competence model to Rahim's organizational conflict styles. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11(3), 200-226. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 66815935).
Rao, Ramesh. (2010). Communication studies. Retrieved from
http://www.longwood.edu/commstudiestheatre/communicationstudies.htm.
Stewart, J. (2006). Bridges not walls. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Because we are profoundly communicative beings, perhaps one of the most impacting aspects of human life is interpersonal communication. The abounding interpersonal relationships we have with others not only define who we are but also reflect the perception that others have of us. Furthermore, how we communicate with those we hold relationships with affects the happiness and success we experience in life. Despite communication being a universal concept among all human beings, there is a conundrum of misconceptions about interpersonal communication. Having a strong self-perception and knowing the principles of interpersonal interaction is essential to communicating effectively. In addition, it is imperative to understand how to manage conflicts and be able to develop and apply emotional intelligence to interpersonal communication so that one’s self-concept and ability to communicate in a powerful manner will flourish.
Principles and Misconceptions
Interpersonal communication is fundamental necessity for a healthy life. We prosper from our relations with others and we consistently depend on our ways of relating and communicating to assure us of our place in this world. As stated by Dr. Ramesh Rao, “We thrive when we communicate well, and we starve ourselves of companionship, camaraderie and community when we fail to communicate effectively” (Rao, R., 2010, p. 1). Despite this generous conception of communication, it is evident that most of us lack knowledge of the basic principles of interpersonal communication and therefore take communication for granted. Conversely, interpersonal communication is in essence a simple notion. According to Hybel and Weaver II, “interpersonal communication is one person interacting with another on a one-to-one basis, often in an informal, unstructured setting” (Hybel, Weaver II, 2007, p. 7).
Interpersonal communication is derived from the close relationships we have in our life of our choosing. Yet, we have interface with people on many levels in our life, ranging from personal to professional. Interpersonal relationships constantly change and shift and can derive from formal settings. Relationships can vary from friendships, family members, lovers, acquaintances, professional and even adversaries. Life welcomes and encompasses most relationships in each of these categories. Therefore, it is important to understand how interpersonal communication propels us into successful encounters with other people and additionally enables us to have a better self-actualization.
Before the art of communication can be analyzed, one must clearly know and understand one’s self. This is so strongly connected to communication because our self-perception is vital to our well-being and how we portray ourselves to others. This will be the starting point of how others view us along with our communication style.
According to Dr. Khaleel Isa, there are four components to self that must be evaluated (Isa, 2007). The “known self” is the part of us we willingly incorporate in every day life and show to others. The “blind self” is the aspect of one’s self that others see clearly but that we are unaware. The “hidden self” is the part of us that we know of but do not share with others. Lastly, the “emotional self” is the part of us that “motivates us to be who we are” and is the part of us in which our “pathogenic belief system” lives (Isa, 2007, p. 2). Understanding these crucial constituents of the self will open the doorway to self-perception and communication rituals that will represent how we see our self and how we desire others to perceive us.
After uncovering our self-perception, an important factor of communication to be learned is knowing what defines communication and the many ways communication is expressed. Communication entails many factors and encompasses all that we are as communicative beings. We communicate through speech, facial expressions, affliction and tone of voice, body language, and even through the written word (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). We must be sentient to these various ways of communicating in addition to being able to maintain a consistency with all of these components. If we are praising someone, we should be able to use our language in addition to positive facial expressions and appropriate tone of voice. Similarly, if we are denigrating a person or their actions, we must make sure we are expressing this with all aspects of communication above and beyond our usage of words. Having an unswerving manner of communicating that represents a clear initiative will certainly propel a person forward with the ability to effectively communicate.
The principles of interpersonal communication are simple and central to effective communicating. The first vital principle is knowing that communication is not avertable. We must communicate and we thrive upon it. As stated by Donnell King, “we can't not communicate. The very attempt not to communicate communicates something” (King, 2000, p. 1). Knowing this principle of communication will surely give us the knowledge of how important it is to master the skills of effective communicating within interpersonal relationships. Additionally, communication is irreversible (King, 2007). You cannot undo what is said or done and the effect will always remain. Consciously applying this knowledge before communicating will perpetuate proper efforts to communicate reasonably. Furthermore, communication is complicated despite its universal appeal and simplistic concepts. According to King, “we don't actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas” (King, 2007, p. 2). This makes it even more ideal to be stern with our choices when interacting with others. Words and meanings can be misunderstood and misinterpreted, and this can lead to ramifications that are unseen as well as unintentional damage to interpersonal relationships. Lastly, one must understand that “interpersonal communication is contextual” (King, 2007, p. 2). There are psychological, cultural, emotional and environmental circumstances that will certainly affect the way communication is given and received. Having a strong handle on these varying corollaries will result in a hyper awareness of extraneous factors that can either inhibit or promote successful progression of interpersonal relationships through meaningful communication.
The misconceptions of interpersonal communication are plentiful. Because each individual is unique, it is easy to misunderstand others and in turn, misunderstand the communicating process. Furthermore, because we communicate on a consistent basis, most of us have the misconception that communication is an innate ability that does not necessarily have to be fine-tuned. One of the most common misconceptions of interpersonal communication is that the skill to communicate applies to everyone in every situation.
Every relationship one has with another person will differentiate from any other. Each person is unique with a variety of characteristics that may disparage or compliment our own. Hence, we must be able to apply the appropriate attitude and technique for the individual that we communicate with. Some of the most difficult personality types to deal with are defensive and combative personalities. People who are defensive are sensitive to judgment and criticism. It is necessary have a gentle approach when communication with people who are easily offended. Those who are combative may easily argue or try to cause conflict. People in this category need careful handling as well. One should remain positive with this kind of person and try to elicit understanding and a consensus with factual stability.
It can be challenging to assess each individual and how to correctly approach communication when there are so many factors involved. With the proper effort and evaluation, one can identify personality traits of an individual and build positive communication around those aspects. This not only develops proper interpersonal relationships, but also broadens the skills necessary to effectively communicate and represent oneself in a positive manner.
Managing Conflict
Even with the most developed communication skills and an understanding of the principles of interpersonal communication, conflict can abound. Conflict typically arises from a differentiation in opinions and from misunderstandings. We cannot control or prevent conflict from occurring, but we can certainly mold our communication to accept and react to conflict appropriately. Solving conflicts within interpersonal relationships, if done effectively and with care, can most definitely enhance the relationship and promote a better understanding between the people involved.
Through an extensive study, it was determined that there are diverse styles of organizational conflict that people use to communicate that can either magnify or negate conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). If a person utilizes the dominating style in which is perceived by others as usually inappropriate, conflict can more readily ensue. Participants in the study also perceived using the avoiding style of organizational conflict as inappropriate and this style would perpetuate a general misunderstanding between the conflicting parties. It appears that the obliging style, considered to be more neutral, would be the most effective means of simmering a conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). This style consists of listening, understanding and empathizing with the other party, and gently expressing one’s one position. These are all aspects of effective communicating and perpetuate a strong foundation in interpersonal relationships.
Some of the accompanying skills that should go along with the proper organizational conflict style can aid in abating conflict and increase proper listening in skillful discussion. One of the main qualities would be to stop listening to others as well as yourself. Learning how to still the voice within is a great contribution to active listening. In a conflict, it is common for someone to construct an argument in their mind before it is their turn to speak (Stewart, J., 2006). Empathy is a useful tool in conflict management although it may seem foreign to the subject at hand. Being able to insert oneself in the other person’s shoes and to imagine what it would be like to have their values, beliefs, point of view, and the same problems will aid in empathizing in a genuine fashion (Stewart, J., 2006). Inquiry is also an important step in conflict reduction. Being able to show the other person that you are truly interested in how they arrived to their view will clear the path for honorable disagreement and understanding instead of empty victories and meaningless debate.
There are simple procedures that can be used in order to negate conflict. One of the first steps in conflict management is to reduce anger and make a genuine resolution to stopping the conflict from getting worse (Elkind, 2007). Identifying the motives of each party and understanding what each person wants is another step into the right direction. To generate a smooth transition into a resolution, one should think of positive options and choose one that best favors each person involved (Elkind, 2007). Employing these unique management techniques in addition to acquiring and understanding one’s organizational conflict style will promote better conflict resolution. Conflict is to be expected and does not necessarily symbolize negativity. Conflict can bring two individuals to a closer understanding of one another and develop trust in the relationship that each person can respectfully solve issues when they arise. Therefore, understanding the science of conflict and how to manage it effectively may very well contribute to more positive interpersonal relationships.
Emotional Intelligence
According to Hybels and Weaver II, “emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and get along with others” (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007, p. 236). Despite the simplistic depiction, emotional intelligence is quite complex in nature. Emotional intelligence is something that is learned and must be nurtured. Understanding one’s self, the emotions that one has, how others affect one’s behavior, and how one should react to uncontrollable situations are all relative to emotional intelligence and highly influence the interpersonal relationships that are encountered. Emotional intelligence is arguably just as vital as intellectualness. In fact, studies have shown that those with a high emotional intelligence are generally more successful in life in personal and work-related endeavors (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007).
There are some essential elements of emotional intelligence that should be addressed. These elements are identification, assessment, and expression of emotions. Controlling one’s emotions is no easy feat, especially during stressful or controversial situations. Because conflict can arise at any time, even without being provoked, emotions can be overwhelming. Identifying what the causes of emotions are and what triggers these emotions will enable one to control them. Assessing the emotions before expression is a key component to emotional intelligence. By first recognizing emotions and then understanding why the emotions occurred, one can determine whether or not the emotions are justifiable for the situation at hand. Emotions can be influenced by how one was raised, stress, or any other critical factors that easily affect one’s quality of life (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). Therefore, it is safe to say that it is not always appropriate to express the emotions that are arising. The concluding element of emotional intelligence would be expression. After assessing the emotions that arose instead of expressing them the instant they occur, it is much easier to filter these emotions for expression. Similarly, with the ability to understand one’s own emotions, one can more easily recognize and react to other people’s emotional responses. These elements of emotional intelligence relate directly with interpersonal relationships and the way we choose to communicate and express our emotions. In fact, emotional expressiveness is the most imperative unit of measure in terms of effective communication.
Having a unique ability to empathize with others and to understand one’s self are key ingredients to successful communication. Lack of self-perception is a major inhibitor of emotional intelligence and prevents a readiness to communicate with an open mind. Developing one’s emotional intelligence is the root of proper communication and the bridge to thriving and cohesive interpersonal relationships.
Before anyone can truly benefit from and appreciate interpersonal relationships, one must have a strong sense of self. This begins the process of effective communication with others through an honest representation of motives and desires. Relationships prosper when reciprocation is equal and both parties have a respect for each other’s positions. Endorsing high emotional intelligence allows for conflict to be handled properly and communication to be well received. There is no escaping communication or it’s impact on the life of every human being. Therefore, each and every person should strive to master all of the key modules of communication skills. Overall, interpersonal communication not only aids the blossoming of personal emotional health and effectiveness, but it is also a vital component to human life.
References
Elkind, S. (2007). How to resolve conflicts without fighting. Retrieved from
http://www.goodcharacter.com/YCC/ResolvingConflicts.
Hybels, S., & Weaver II, R. (2007). Communicating effectively (eighth edition). New
York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Isa, K. (2007). Training program on communication skills. Retrieved from http://www.passia.org/seminars/2003/Communication-Khaleel-Isa.htm.
King, D. (2000). Four principles of interpersonal communication. Retrieved from http://www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/dking/interpr.htm.
Michael A Gross, & Laura K Guerrero. (2000). Managing conflict appropriately and effectively: An application of the competence model to Rahim's organizational conflict styles. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11(3), 200-226. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 66815935).
Rao, Ramesh. (2010). Communication studies. Retrieved from
http://www.longwood.edu/commstudiestheatre/communicationstudies.htm.
Stewart, J. (2006). Bridges not walls. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Sunday, March 7, 2010
The Impact of Culture and Language on Immigration ©
The Impact of Culture and Language on Immigration
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Language and culture are by far the most impacting aspects of human life. Every culture has a certain worldview that is affected by the way people interpret language and communication. The United States is a country in which immigration is fluent, particularly with the Hispanic population. With all of the different cultures that are intertwined with the American culture, it is both a difficult and miraculous journey to accept and modify the ability to communicate with various people with differing cultural beliefs. This author will attempt to uncover the bond between language and culture, how these issues affect immigration into the United States, and how an ability to embrace language and cultural differences can enable positive immigration to flourish.
Besides language and culture separately being strong contenders in how people live and associate with one another, both factors are also robustly interrelated. The United States has been coined as the melting pot of cultural influence. One of the highest immigration rates comes from Spanish speaking cultures. Immigration has undoubtedly perpetuated much debate and controversy, interestingly based on language and cultural differences. According to the National Center for Policy Analysis, “the United States' Hispanic population now stands at about 40 million. Some of these are immigrants with limited English language skills, prompting some concerns over the ability of Hispanics to assimilate into American culture” (NCPA, 2009, p. 1). This is a resounding fact that impacts not only immigrants, but the citizens of the United States as well. Although there are a profound number of Hispanic immigrants populating to the United States, it is an actuality that many Hispanic people make the choice of holding onto their native language and traditions (NCPA, 2009). Furthermore, those embracing their Hispanic traditions have a difficult time relating to the American culture. This poses a dilemma for both the immigrants and citizens of the United States.
Hispanic immigrants essentially leave one abrupt culture for another. The differences are astounding, and the language is uniquely different. It appears that only one third of the Hispanic immigrant population in the United States learn the English language well enough to function in American society (NCPA, 2009). Yet, those few even prefer to utilize their Spanish culture and language in the home predominantly (NCPA, 2009). Hispanic culture is rich and vibrant with traditions and communication boundaries between genders, generations and social classes. Family values are of utmost importance in Hispanic culture in which there are close family ties between all members of the family with a commitment to all relationships from great grandparents to nieces and nephews (Clutter, Nieto, 2009). Most American families have close bonds, but the immediate family is more concentrated upon than further generations down the line. Additionally, there are differences in the way that language is expressed and received in the Hispanic culture. As stated by Clutter and Nieto, “Spanish speakers tend toward formality in their treatment of one another” (Clutter, Nieto, 2009, p. 1). When communication goes beyond formality, kissing on the cheek is a common practice in the Hispanic culture (Clutter, Nieto, 2009). This differs slightly from American culture in which formality is less formal with the initial meetings of people and informality is less affectionate when greeting those that are well known.
It is unquestionable that the cultural aspects of Spanish speaking countries will differ greatly from that of the general American population. Yet, there are also similarities in all cultures that abound through barriers and borderlines. Despite the difficulties in assessing and eventually harmonizing the differences between cultures and language, it is significant to understand the uniqueness that entrenches the Hispanic culture. Similarly, those immigrating to the United States should welcome the changes that American culture presents. Being able to positively mesh the cultural and language differences into a comfortable living style will allow communication to naturally flow between contrary cultures. Immigration should elicit understanding, knowledge, and an influence of new beginnings. Rather than expecting immigrants to adapt solely to the new culture and abandon their own, United States citizens should anticipate a broadening of both cultural aspects. Correspondingly, those immigrating from Hispanic cultures should allow themselves to embrace the new cultural surroundings they are being thrust into without depending exclusively on their own. Communication is the key for such beginnings to successfully transpire and prosper.
Immigration is an issue that affects many and results in close relation to religion, politics and love for country. There is a commonly negative association with immigration and it occurs from a lack of compassion, understanding, and communication skills. Those immigrating to the United States from Hispanic countries are doing so with a willingness to espouse a new culture and the deep-rooted desire to continue their own. Instead of abandonment of culture or complete adoption of another, there should be reasonable expectations for immigrants to fuse both cultures into a uniform lifestyle. If this is made available to immigrants and an air of acceptance is intact, the language and cultural impediment that will always be in place will no longer be the deterioration of positive communication, but an enhancement of the language styles and cultural affluence that can be experienced by all.
References
Clutter, A., & Nieto, R. . (2009). Understanding the Hispanic culture. Retrieved from
http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5237.html.
Levine, R. (2005). Assimilation, past and present. Public Interest, (159), 93-108.
Retrieved March 7, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 841741471).
NCPA, Initials. (2009). Hispanic immigrants and American culture. Retrieved March 5,
2010 from http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=2048.
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Language and culture are by far the most impacting aspects of human life. Every culture has a certain worldview that is affected by the way people interpret language and communication. The United States is a country in which immigration is fluent, particularly with the Hispanic population. With all of the different cultures that are intertwined with the American culture, it is both a difficult and miraculous journey to accept and modify the ability to communicate with various people with differing cultural beliefs. This author will attempt to uncover the bond between language and culture, how these issues affect immigration into the United States, and how an ability to embrace language and cultural differences can enable positive immigration to flourish.
Besides language and culture separately being strong contenders in how people live and associate with one another, both factors are also robustly interrelated. The United States has been coined as the melting pot of cultural influence. One of the highest immigration rates comes from Spanish speaking cultures. Immigration has undoubtedly perpetuated much debate and controversy, interestingly based on language and cultural differences. According to the National Center for Policy Analysis, “the United States' Hispanic population now stands at about 40 million. Some of these are immigrants with limited English language skills, prompting some concerns over the ability of Hispanics to assimilate into American culture” (NCPA, 2009, p. 1). This is a resounding fact that impacts not only immigrants, but the citizens of the United States as well. Although there are a profound number of Hispanic immigrants populating to the United States, it is an actuality that many Hispanic people make the choice of holding onto their native language and traditions (NCPA, 2009). Furthermore, those embracing their Hispanic traditions have a difficult time relating to the American culture. This poses a dilemma for both the immigrants and citizens of the United States.
Hispanic immigrants essentially leave one abrupt culture for another. The differences are astounding, and the language is uniquely different. It appears that only one third of the Hispanic immigrant population in the United States learn the English language well enough to function in American society (NCPA, 2009). Yet, those few even prefer to utilize their Spanish culture and language in the home predominantly (NCPA, 2009). Hispanic culture is rich and vibrant with traditions and communication boundaries between genders, generations and social classes. Family values are of utmost importance in Hispanic culture in which there are close family ties between all members of the family with a commitment to all relationships from great grandparents to nieces and nephews (Clutter, Nieto, 2009). Most American families have close bonds, but the immediate family is more concentrated upon than further generations down the line. Additionally, there are differences in the way that language is expressed and received in the Hispanic culture. As stated by Clutter and Nieto, “Spanish speakers tend toward formality in their treatment of one another” (Clutter, Nieto, 2009, p. 1). When communication goes beyond formality, kissing on the cheek is a common practice in the Hispanic culture (Clutter, Nieto, 2009). This differs slightly from American culture in which formality is less formal with the initial meetings of people and informality is less affectionate when greeting those that are well known.
It is unquestionable that the cultural aspects of Spanish speaking countries will differ greatly from that of the general American population. Yet, there are also similarities in all cultures that abound through barriers and borderlines. Despite the difficulties in assessing and eventually harmonizing the differences between cultures and language, it is significant to understand the uniqueness that entrenches the Hispanic culture. Similarly, those immigrating to the United States should welcome the changes that American culture presents. Being able to positively mesh the cultural and language differences into a comfortable living style will allow communication to naturally flow between contrary cultures. Immigration should elicit understanding, knowledge, and an influence of new beginnings. Rather than expecting immigrants to adapt solely to the new culture and abandon their own, United States citizens should anticipate a broadening of both cultural aspects. Correspondingly, those immigrating from Hispanic cultures should allow themselves to embrace the new cultural surroundings they are being thrust into without depending exclusively on their own. Communication is the key for such beginnings to successfully transpire and prosper.
Immigration is an issue that affects many and results in close relation to religion, politics and love for country. There is a commonly negative association with immigration and it occurs from a lack of compassion, understanding, and communication skills. Those immigrating to the United States from Hispanic countries are doing so with a willingness to espouse a new culture and the deep-rooted desire to continue their own. Instead of abandonment of culture or complete adoption of another, there should be reasonable expectations for immigrants to fuse both cultures into a uniform lifestyle. If this is made available to immigrants and an air of acceptance is intact, the language and cultural impediment that will always be in place will no longer be the deterioration of positive communication, but an enhancement of the language styles and cultural affluence that can be experienced by all.
References
Clutter, A., & Nieto, R. . (2009). Understanding the Hispanic culture. Retrieved from
http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5237.html.
Levine, R. (2005). Assimilation, past and present. Public Interest, (159), 93-108.
Retrieved March 7, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 841741471).
NCPA, Initials. (2009). Hispanic immigrants and American culture. Retrieved March 5,
2010 from http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=2048.
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