JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Because we are profoundly communicative beings, perhaps one of the most impacting aspects of human life is interpersonal communication. The abounding interpersonal relationships we have with others not only define who we are but also reflect the perception that others have of us. Furthermore, how we communicate with those we hold relationships with affects the happiness and success we experience in life. Despite communication being a universal concept among all human beings, there is a conundrum of misconceptions about interpersonal communication. Having a strong self-perception and knowing the principles of interpersonal interaction is essential to communicating effectively. In addition, it is imperative to understand how to manage conflicts and be able to develop and apply emotional intelligence to interpersonal communication so that one’s self-concept and ability to communicate in a powerful manner will flourish.
Principles and Misconceptions
Interpersonal communication is fundamental necessity for a healthy life. We prosper from our relations with others and we consistently depend on our ways of relating and communicating to assure us of our place in this world. As stated by Dr. Ramesh Rao, “We thrive when we communicate well, and we starve ourselves of companionship, camaraderie and community when we fail to communicate effectively” (Rao, R., 2010, p. 1). Despite this generous conception of communication, it is evident that most of us lack knowledge of the basic principles of interpersonal communication and therefore take communication for granted. Conversely, interpersonal communication is in essence a simple notion. According to Hybel and Weaver II, “interpersonal communication is one person interacting with another on a one-to-one basis, often in an informal, unstructured setting” (Hybel, Weaver II, 2007, p. 7).
Interpersonal communication is derived from the close relationships we have in our life of our choosing. Yet, we have interface with people on many levels in our life, ranging from personal to professional. Interpersonal relationships constantly change and shift and can derive from formal settings. Relationships can vary from friendships, family members, lovers, acquaintances, professional and even adversaries. Life welcomes and encompasses most relationships in each of these categories. Therefore, it is important to understand how interpersonal communication propels us into successful encounters with other people and additionally enables us to have a better self-actualization.
Before the art of communication can be analyzed, one must clearly know and understand one’s self. This is so strongly connected to communication because our self-perception is vital to our well-being and how we portray ourselves to others. This will be the starting point of how others view us along with our communication style.
According to Dr. Khaleel Isa, there are four components to self that must be evaluated (Isa, 2007). The “known self” is the part of us we willingly incorporate in every day life and show to others. The “blind self” is the aspect of one’s self that others see clearly but that we are unaware. The “hidden self” is the part of us that we know of but do not share with others. Lastly, the “emotional self” is the part of us that “motivates us to be who we are” and is the part of us in which our “pathogenic belief system” lives (Isa, 2007, p. 2). Understanding these crucial constituents of the self will open the doorway to self-perception and communication rituals that will represent how we see our self and how we desire others to perceive us.
After uncovering our self-perception, an important factor of communication to be learned is knowing what defines communication and the many ways communication is expressed. Communication entails many factors and encompasses all that we are as communicative beings. We communicate through speech, facial expressions, affliction and tone of voice, body language, and even through the written word (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). We must be sentient to these various ways of communicating in addition to being able to maintain a consistency with all of these components. If we are praising someone, we should be able to use our language in addition to positive facial expressions and appropriate tone of voice. Similarly, if we are denigrating a person or their actions, we must make sure we are expressing this with all aspects of communication above and beyond our usage of words. Having an unswerving manner of communicating that represents a clear initiative will certainly propel a person forward with the ability to effectively communicate.
The principles of interpersonal communication are simple and central to effective communicating. The first vital principle is knowing that communication is not avertable. We must communicate and we thrive upon it. As stated by Donnell King, “we can't not communicate. The very attempt not to communicate communicates something” (King, 2000, p. 1). Knowing this principle of communication will surely give us the knowledge of how important it is to master the skills of effective communicating within interpersonal relationships. Additionally, communication is irreversible (King, 2007). You cannot undo what is said or done and the effect will always remain. Consciously applying this knowledge before communicating will perpetuate proper efforts to communicate reasonably. Furthermore, communication is complicated despite its universal appeal and simplistic concepts. According to King, “we don't actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas” (King, 2007, p. 2). This makes it even more ideal to be stern with our choices when interacting with others. Words and meanings can be misunderstood and misinterpreted, and this can lead to ramifications that are unseen as well as unintentional damage to interpersonal relationships. Lastly, one must understand that “interpersonal communication is contextual” (King, 2007, p. 2). There are psychological, cultural, emotional and environmental circumstances that will certainly affect the way communication is given and received. Having a strong handle on these varying corollaries will result in a hyper awareness of extraneous factors that can either inhibit or promote successful progression of interpersonal relationships through meaningful communication.
The misconceptions of interpersonal communication are plentiful. Because each individual is unique, it is easy to misunderstand others and in turn, misunderstand the communicating process. Furthermore, because we communicate on a consistent basis, most of us have the misconception that communication is an innate ability that does not necessarily have to be fine-tuned. One of the most common misconceptions of interpersonal communication is that the skill to communicate applies to everyone in every situation.
Every relationship one has with another person will differentiate from any other. Each person is unique with a variety of characteristics that may disparage or compliment our own. Hence, we must be able to apply the appropriate attitude and technique for the individual that we communicate with. Some of the most difficult personality types to deal with are defensive and combative personalities. People who are defensive are sensitive to judgment and criticism. It is necessary have a gentle approach when communication with people who are easily offended. Those who are combative may easily argue or try to cause conflict. People in this category need careful handling as well. One should remain positive with this kind of person and try to elicit understanding and a consensus with factual stability.
It can be challenging to assess each individual and how to correctly approach communication when there are so many factors involved. With the proper effort and evaluation, one can identify personality traits of an individual and build positive communication around those aspects. This not only develops proper interpersonal relationships, but also broadens the skills necessary to effectively communicate and represent oneself in a positive manner.
Managing Conflict
Even with the most developed communication skills and an understanding of the principles of interpersonal communication, conflict can abound. Conflict typically arises from a differentiation in opinions and from misunderstandings. We cannot control or prevent conflict from occurring, but we can certainly mold our communication to accept and react to conflict appropriately. Solving conflicts within interpersonal relationships, if done effectively and with care, can most definitely enhance the relationship and promote a better understanding between the people involved.
Through an extensive study, it was determined that there are diverse styles of organizational conflict that people use to communicate that can either magnify or negate conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). If a person utilizes the dominating style in which is perceived by others as usually inappropriate, conflict can more readily ensue. Participants in the study also perceived using the avoiding style of organizational conflict as inappropriate and this style would perpetuate a general misunderstanding between the conflicting parties. It appears that the obliging style, considered to be more neutral, would be the most effective means of simmering a conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). This style consists of listening, understanding and empathizing with the other party, and gently expressing one’s one position. These are all aspects of effective communicating and perpetuate a strong foundation in interpersonal relationships.
Some of the accompanying skills that should go along with the proper organizational conflict style can aid in abating conflict and increase proper listening in skillful discussion. One of the main qualities would be to stop listening to others as well as yourself. Learning how to still the voice within is a great contribution to active listening. In a conflict, it is common for someone to construct an argument in their mind before it is their turn to speak (Stewart, J., 2006). Empathy is a useful tool in conflict management although it may seem foreign to the subject at hand. Being able to insert oneself in the other person’s shoes and to imagine what it would be like to have their values, beliefs, point of view, and the same problems will aid in empathizing in a genuine fashion (Stewart, J., 2006). Inquiry is also an important step in conflict reduction. Being able to show the other person that you are truly interested in how they arrived to their view will clear the path for honorable disagreement and understanding instead of empty victories and meaningless debate.
There are simple procedures that can be used in order to negate conflict. One of the first steps in conflict management is to reduce anger and make a genuine resolution to stopping the conflict from getting worse (Elkind, 2007). Identifying the motives of each party and understanding what each person wants is another step into the right direction. To generate a smooth transition into a resolution, one should think of positive options and choose one that best favors each person involved (Elkind, 2007). Employing these unique management techniques in addition to acquiring and understanding one’s organizational conflict style will promote better conflict resolution. Conflict is to be expected and does not necessarily symbolize negativity. Conflict can bring two individuals to a closer understanding of one another and develop trust in the relationship that each person can respectfully solve issues when they arise. Therefore, understanding the science of conflict and how to manage it effectively may very well contribute to more positive interpersonal relationships.
Emotional Intelligence
According to Hybels and Weaver II, “emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and get along with others” (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007, p. 236). Despite the simplistic depiction, emotional intelligence is quite complex in nature. Emotional intelligence is something that is learned and must be nurtured. Understanding one’s self, the emotions that one has, how others affect one’s behavior, and how one should react to uncontrollable situations are all relative to emotional intelligence and highly influence the interpersonal relationships that are encountered. Emotional intelligence is arguably just as vital as intellectualness. In fact, studies have shown that those with a high emotional intelligence are generally more successful in life in personal and work-related endeavors (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007).
There are some essential elements of emotional intelligence that should be addressed. These elements are identification, assessment, and expression of emotions. Controlling one’s emotions is no easy feat, especially during stressful or controversial situations. Because conflict can arise at any time, even without being provoked, emotions can be overwhelming. Identifying what the causes of emotions are and what triggers these emotions will enable one to control them. Assessing the emotions before expression is a key component to emotional intelligence. By first recognizing emotions and then understanding why the emotions occurred, one can determine whether or not the emotions are justifiable for the situation at hand. Emotions can be influenced by how one was raised, stress, or any other critical factors that easily affect one’s quality of life (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). Therefore, it is safe to say that it is not always appropriate to express the emotions that are arising. The concluding element of emotional intelligence would be expression. After assessing the emotions that arose instead of expressing them the instant they occur, it is much easier to filter these emotions for expression. Similarly, with the ability to understand one’s own emotions, one can more easily recognize and react to other people’s emotional responses. These elements of emotional intelligence relate directly with interpersonal relationships and the way we choose to communicate and express our emotions. In fact, emotional expressiveness is the most imperative unit of measure in terms of effective communication.
Having a unique ability to empathize with others and to understand one’s self are key ingredients to successful communication. Lack of self-perception is a major inhibitor of emotional intelligence and prevents a readiness to communicate with an open mind. Developing one’s emotional intelligence is the root of proper communication and the bridge to thriving and cohesive interpersonal relationships.
Before anyone can truly benefit from and appreciate interpersonal relationships, one must have a strong sense of self. This begins the process of effective communication with others through an honest representation of motives and desires. Relationships prosper when reciprocation is equal and both parties have a respect for each other’s positions. Endorsing high emotional intelligence allows for conflict to be handled properly and communication to be well received. There is no escaping communication or it’s impact on the life of every human being. Therefore, each and every person should strive to master all of the key modules of communication skills. Overall, interpersonal communication not only aids the blossoming of personal emotional health and effectiveness, but it is also a vital component to human life.
References
Elkind, S. (2007). How to resolve conflicts without fighting. Retrieved from
http://www.goodcharacter.com/YCC/ResolvingConflicts.
Hybels, S., & Weaver II, R. (2007). Communicating effectively (eighth edition). New
York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Isa, K. (2007). Training program on communication skills. Retrieved from http://www.passia.org/seminars/2003/Communication-Khaleel-Isa.htm.
King, D. (2000). Four principles of interpersonal communication. Retrieved from http://www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/dking/interpr.htm.
Michael A Gross, & Laura K Guerrero. (2000). Managing conflict appropriately and effectively: An application of the competence model to Rahim's organizational conflict styles. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11(3), 200-226. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 66815935).
Rao, Ramesh. (2010). Communication studies. Retrieved from
http://www.longwood.edu/commstudiestheatre/communicationstudies.htm.
Stewart, J. (2006). Bridges not walls. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Monday, March 15, 2010
Sunday, March 7, 2010
The Impact of Culture and Language on Immigration ©
The Impact of Culture and Language on Immigration
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Language and culture are by far the most impacting aspects of human life. Every culture has a certain worldview that is affected by the way people interpret language and communication. The United States is a country in which immigration is fluent, particularly with the Hispanic population. With all of the different cultures that are intertwined with the American culture, it is both a difficult and miraculous journey to accept and modify the ability to communicate with various people with differing cultural beliefs. This author will attempt to uncover the bond between language and culture, how these issues affect immigration into the United States, and how an ability to embrace language and cultural differences can enable positive immigration to flourish.
Besides language and culture separately being strong contenders in how people live and associate with one another, both factors are also robustly interrelated. The United States has been coined as the melting pot of cultural influence. One of the highest immigration rates comes from Spanish speaking cultures. Immigration has undoubtedly perpetuated much debate and controversy, interestingly based on language and cultural differences. According to the National Center for Policy Analysis, “the United States' Hispanic population now stands at about 40 million. Some of these are immigrants with limited English language skills, prompting some concerns over the ability of Hispanics to assimilate into American culture” (NCPA, 2009, p. 1). This is a resounding fact that impacts not only immigrants, but the citizens of the United States as well. Although there are a profound number of Hispanic immigrants populating to the United States, it is an actuality that many Hispanic people make the choice of holding onto their native language and traditions (NCPA, 2009). Furthermore, those embracing their Hispanic traditions have a difficult time relating to the American culture. This poses a dilemma for both the immigrants and citizens of the United States.
Hispanic immigrants essentially leave one abrupt culture for another. The differences are astounding, and the language is uniquely different. It appears that only one third of the Hispanic immigrant population in the United States learn the English language well enough to function in American society (NCPA, 2009). Yet, those few even prefer to utilize their Spanish culture and language in the home predominantly (NCPA, 2009). Hispanic culture is rich and vibrant with traditions and communication boundaries between genders, generations and social classes. Family values are of utmost importance in Hispanic culture in which there are close family ties between all members of the family with a commitment to all relationships from great grandparents to nieces and nephews (Clutter, Nieto, 2009). Most American families have close bonds, but the immediate family is more concentrated upon than further generations down the line. Additionally, there are differences in the way that language is expressed and received in the Hispanic culture. As stated by Clutter and Nieto, “Spanish speakers tend toward formality in their treatment of one another” (Clutter, Nieto, 2009, p. 1). When communication goes beyond formality, kissing on the cheek is a common practice in the Hispanic culture (Clutter, Nieto, 2009). This differs slightly from American culture in which formality is less formal with the initial meetings of people and informality is less affectionate when greeting those that are well known.
It is unquestionable that the cultural aspects of Spanish speaking countries will differ greatly from that of the general American population. Yet, there are also similarities in all cultures that abound through barriers and borderlines. Despite the difficulties in assessing and eventually harmonizing the differences between cultures and language, it is significant to understand the uniqueness that entrenches the Hispanic culture. Similarly, those immigrating to the United States should welcome the changes that American culture presents. Being able to positively mesh the cultural and language differences into a comfortable living style will allow communication to naturally flow between contrary cultures. Immigration should elicit understanding, knowledge, and an influence of new beginnings. Rather than expecting immigrants to adapt solely to the new culture and abandon their own, United States citizens should anticipate a broadening of both cultural aspects. Correspondingly, those immigrating from Hispanic cultures should allow themselves to embrace the new cultural surroundings they are being thrust into without depending exclusively on their own. Communication is the key for such beginnings to successfully transpire and prosper.
Immigration is an issue that affects many and results in close relation to religion, politics and love for country. There is a commonly negative association with immigration and it occurs from a lack of compassion, understanding, and communication skills. Those immigrating to the United States from Hispanic countries are doing so with a willingness to espouse a new culture and the deep-rooted desire to continue their own. Instead of abandonment of culture or complete adoption of another, there should be reasonable expectations for immigrants to fuse both cultures into a uniform lifestyle. If this is made available to immigrants and an air of acceptance is intact, the language and cultural impediment that will always be in place will no longer be the deterioration of positive communication, but an enhancement of the language styles and cultural affluence that can be experienced by all.
References
Clutter, A., & Nieto, R. . (2009). Understanding the Hispanic culture. Retrieved from
http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5237.html.
Levine, R. (2005). Assimilation, past and present. Public Interest, (159), 93-108.
Retrieved March 7, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 841741471).
NCPA, Initials. (2009). Hispanic immigrants and American culture. Retrieved March 5,
2010 from http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=2048.
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Language and culture are by far the most impacting aspects of human life. Every culture has a certain worldview that is affected by the way people interpret language and communication. The United States is a country in which immigration is fluent, particularly with the Hispanic population. With all of the different cultures that are intertwined with the American culture, it is both a difficult and miraculous journey to accept and modify the ability to communicate with various people with differing cultural beliefs. This author will attempt to uncover the bond between language and culture, how these issues affect immigration into the United States, and how an ability to embrace language and cultural differences can enable positive immigration to flourish.
Besides language and culture separately being strong contenders in how people live and associate with one another, both factors are also robustly interrelated. The United States has been coined as the melting pot of cultural influence. One of the highest immigration rates comes from Spanish speaking cultures. Immigration has undoubtedly perpetuated much debate and controversy, interestingly based on language and cultural differences. According to the National Center for Policy Analysis, “the United States' Hispanic population now stands at about 40 million. Some of these are immigrants with limited English language skills, prompting some concerns over the ability of Hispanics to assimilate into American culture” (NCPA, 2009, p. 1). This is a resounding fact that impacts not only immigrants, but the citizens of the United States as well. Although there are a profound number of Hispanic immigrants populating to the United States, it is an actuality that many Hispanic people make the choice of holding onto their native language and traditions (NCPA, 2009). Furthermore, those embracing their Hispanic traditions have a difficult time relating to the American culture. This poses a dilemma for both the immigrants and citizens of the United States.
Hispanic immigrants essentially leave one abrupt culture for another. The differences are astounding, and the language is uniquely different. It appears that only one third of the Hispanic immigrant population in the United States learn the English language well enough to function in American society (NCPA, 2009). Yet, those few even prefer to utilize their Spanish culture and language in the home predominantly (NCPA, 2009). Hispanic culture is rich and vibrant with traditions and communication boundaries between genders, generations and social classes. Family values are of utmost importance in Hispanic culture in which there are close family ties between all members of the family with a commitment to all relationships from great grandparents to nieces and nephews (Clutter, Nieto, 2009). Most American families have close bonds, but the immediate family is more concentrated upon than further generations down the line. Additionally, there are differences in the way that language is expressed and received in the Hispanic culture. As stated by Clutter and Nieto, “Spanish speakers tend toward formality in their treatment of one another” (Clutter, Nieto, 2009, p. 1). When communication goes beyond formality, kissing on the cheek is a common practice in the Hispanic culture (Clutter, Nieto, 2009). This differs slightly from American culture in which formality is less formal with the initial meetings of people and informality is less affectionate when greeting those that are well known.
It is unquestionable that the cultural aspects of Spanish speaking countries will differ greatly from that of the general American population. Yet, there are also similarities in all cultures that abound through barriers and borderlines. Despite the difficulties in assessing and eventually harmonizing the differences between cultures and language, it is significant to understand the uniqueness that entrenches the Hispanic culture. Similarly, those immigrating to the United States should welcome the changes that American culture presents. Being able to positively mesh the cultural and language differences into a comfortable living style will allow communication to naturally flow between contrary cultures. Immigration should elicit understanding, knowledge, and an influence of new beginnings. Rather than expecting immigrants to adapt solely to the new culture and abandon their own, United States citizens should anticipate a broadening of both cultural aspects. Correspondingly, those immigrating from Hispanic cultures should allow themselves to embrace the new cultural surroundings they are being thrust into without depending exclusively on their own. Communication is the key for such beginnings to successfully transpire and prosper.
Immigration is an issue that affects many and results in close relation to religion, politics and love for country. There is a commonly negative association with immigration and it occurs from a lack of compassion, understanding, and communication skills. Those immigrating to the United States from Hispanic countries are doing so with a willingness to espouse a new culture and the deep-rooted desire to continue their own. Instead of abandonment of culture or complete adoption of another, there should be reasonable expectations for immigrants to fuse both cultures into a uniform lifestyle. If this is made available to immigrants and an air of acceptance is intact, the language and cultural impediment that will always be in place will no longer be the deterioration of positive communication, but an enhancement of the language styles and cultural affluence that can be experienced by all.
References
Clutter, A., & Nieto, R. . (2009). Understanding the Hispanic culture. Retrieved from
http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5237.html.
Levine, R. (2005). Assimilation, past and present. Public Interest, (159), 93-108.
Retrieved March 7, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 841741471).
NCPA, Initials. (2009). Hispanic immigrants and American culture. Retrieved March 5,
2010 from http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=2048.
Monday, February 8, 2010
Rollo Reese May and his contributions to Existentialism ©
Rollo Reese May and his Contributions to Existentialism
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Rollo Reese May studied psychoanalysis and contributed greatly to the cause. He made incredible strides in clinical psychology. As an existential psychologist, May uncovered what he believed to be the nature and causes of anxiety (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Furthermore, Rollo Reese May took existential psychology to new heights. His resonant biography outlines his tribulations that reflect on his grand choice of psychological pursuits and illustrates his miraculous ability to develop ideas that correlate with every human being and the discovery of self. Rollo Reese May broke through many barriers to achieve a respected standing in the field. It is through his many elaborate contributions to the discipline of psychology that May leaves his mark, particularly through his examination of authentic love, the importance of values, and the human dilemma.
Biography
Rollo Reese May was born in 1901 to an unpleasant home life. As the second child of six children, May experienced a lack of attention and a rather traumatic experience when his older sister became victim of psychotic episodes and was eventually diagnosed with schizophrenia (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). May’s parents were neither interested in intellectual matters nor did they encourage the pursuit of them. This negative attitude towards education provided a major deficit of intellectual stimulation in the home. In fact, May’s father contributed his sister’s schizophrenia to an unnecessary abundance of education. When considering the serious mental disturbances of his older sister, it can be quite obvious where the interest in psychology sparked within May. However, with the disapproving stigma of educational matters alive within his home, it is also evident that a journey in psychology was a hard-pressed path for May.
Despite obstacles presented before him, May went to school to engage in academia pertaining to the field of psychology. He desperately pursued the human condition and went on to fulfill much of his education. He even served as a minister in a religious congregation for nearly 2 years at which time he discovered some problematic issues within the church, not pertaining to religion but to the congregation at hand. He went on to muster his passion into reaching the depths of psychology that had yet been untouched, and this endeavor led him straight to clinical psychology and the study of existentialism. He wrote many books that incorporated religion and psychology that sparked some controversy because many professionals believed that religion had little place in psychology besides the wonderment of why human beings grasp the concept and how it relates to behavior and idealistic ways of life. However, May had the ability to infuse religious and psychological beliefs into a meaningful collaboration.
In the middle of his flourishing career and education, Rollo Reese May had a traumatic experience with tuberculosis and was even admitted to a sanitarium (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). He came close to death and this proved to undoubtedly be a dark time in his life. Despite the serious nature of this experience and his declining health, it provided a clear desire to uncover the profundities of the mind and brought him closer to a new development called existential psychology.
May’s niche in the psychological field proved to be that of the deliverer of reachable concepts that could penetrate interested minds while also making a huge mark in the field of psychology amongst many educated individuals. Perhaps his most loved and greatest accomplishment was the array of books he produced on psychology that proved to be relatable to most people trying to discover the true meaning of life their own unique place within it. May eventually earned his PhD in clinical psychology, going on to teach at many top universities in addition to producing some of the most influential publications on existential psychology and what he coined the human dilemma.
Contributions to Existentialism
Rollo Reese May fought to enter the world of psychology. In the beginning when Freud ruled the realm of behavioral science and psychotherapy, there was a point to keep psychologists out of the field as remembered by Rollo Reese May (Rabinowitz, Good, Cozad, 1989). Swayed by strong contenders in the psychology of existentialism such as Soren Kierkegaard and Paul Tillich, Rollo Reese May took great interest in the proposed theories and leaped into a new development of human science. He invented captivating suppositions regarding the nature of love, the importance of values and the human dilemma.
Many psychologists and psychoanalysts aim to achieve a true implication of what love means to people and how it is applied to discern mating and behavior. Rollo Reese May had a relatively unique position on love in contrast to what others in his field presumed. May spoke of an authentic love that was an amalgamation of four other distinct types of love that he identified: sex, eros, philia, and agape (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007).
Sex, according to Rollo Reese May, is a biological drive that satisfies a basic need and triggers a person’s desire for an available object that would satisfy this basic yet fervent need (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007, p. 515). Eros is one’s desire to be connected to another person and have a unified existence together (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). The relationship aspect of this type of love leads to a creative union that is the extension of mere sex. Another type of love that May classified is philia. This kind of love is more of a friendship but is very important to continue the previous two loves. This love deals with acceptance of one another, a strong connection, and all of the sacrifice of one’s self to allow the other partner to flourish. The last love in May’s assessment is that of agape in which there is “esteem for the other, the concern for the other’s welfare beyond any gain that on can get out of it” (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007, p. 517), as stated by Hergenhahn and Olson. Agapé is centered on unselfish and complete love with the giving of one’s self to the other. Only when these four loves are in place and actively utilized in a relationship is authentic love at work. May’s theory of love is a huge contribution to psychology and explains some basic concepts that have been visited by other psychologists but explained in simple and unattested terms by Rollo Reese May.
The importance of values is one aspect of human life that continues to beguile many psychologists. The significance of what values mean to people is not the only concern in psychology, but also the determinants of how they effect behavior and shape personality. May defined values as the symbolism of experiences and the importance of them in our lives (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). May concentrated his work strictly on existential psychology and the cause of anxiety. According to May, any threat to the development of values as guided by loved ones, experience, physical growth and nourishment is what begins the very hardships of anxiety (Greenberg, Koole, Pyszczynski, 2004). Because May believed that anxiety is the basis of most psychological neurosis and the outlook one has on the world, values and the threats against them pose the underlying contributions to anxiety. This can impair the ability to lead a healthy life unless one is able to recognize these distinctive threats and balance the different loves we encounter and cultivate.
His main contributions and beliefs in love and important values lead to the vary nature of May’s work. According to Rollo Reese May, “the human dilemma is that which arises out of a man's capacity to experience himself as both subject and object at the same time. Both are necessary-for the science of psychology, for therapy, and for gratifying living” (May, 1977, p. 8). Essentially, May rose to the occasion to incorporate all of the meaninful areas of one’s life and how they relate to the world and to themselves. Rollo Reese May believed that psychology and the individual life were important for one another to capture the true essence of why we are the way we are.
According to May, we cannot separate ourselves as subject or object. This is where the human dilemma lies in that we need both perspectives but can sometimes rely heavily on just one. When we look at ourselves as objects, we can analyze our strengths and weaknesses and indispensably we begin to appraise ourselves (Silvia, O’Brien, 2004). The problem with this scenario is that although we may have the opportunity to better ourselves, clearly in doing so we separate ourselves from our experiences (May, 1983). The more positive way to live is to have self-awareness and be able to interpret significant life experiences and apply them to a more constructive lifestyle (Silvia, O’Brien, 2004).
Among the foundation of his theory in existential psychology, May advanced the field with his numerous additives in behavioral science and his focus on anxiety. As described by Hergenhahn and Olson, he accepted modes of human existence that include our “interactions with the physical world, our interactions with other humans, and how one interacts with oneself” (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007, p. 523). May pressed the importance of therapy and how therapeutic endeavors alone can determine the prediction and control of behavior rather than relying on the more popular forms of objective psychology.
Critical Evaluation of Rollo Reese May
As with all psychologists and the theories they bore, criticism is abundant among the psychological and scientific community. It is important to see the justifications and the problematic aspects of each theory as to learn from them and build upon them. Rollo Reese May had an interesting position within the realm of personality theory that indeed brought some critiques to the forefront.
One of the strongest oppositions to May’s theory is that it is based more on philosophy than psychology (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). It is assumed that conceptualizing values and commitments are left to theological research, but it is the existentialists that push these aspects of human personality into the study of psychology (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Moreover, Rollo Reese May’s usage of nebulous terminology made his theory a target for critics. Trying to concretely define such terms such as “freedom, responsibility, commitment, guilt, intentionality, love, and courage” can be an impossible task because meanings of these areas in life can be different for just about anyone (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007, p. 523). Even with May’s argument that these concepts are every bit as significant a part of personality as society, culture and genetics, these elements do seem to muddy the waters of an already broad area of psychology.
One of the biggest threats to May’s theory is that of scientific research. With existentialism, there really is little room for empirical study or traditional methods of experimentation. May’s strong focus on existential psychotherapy and the conduction of free will pose an amazing quandary where proof is concerned. The problem lies within the fact that certain aspects that May was intrigued by and continued his study on were arguably subjective matters. However, with the near impossibility of proving his theory, one cannot dismiss the substance in which it held. Although some may contend that these aspects of free will and psychotherapy have triviality compared to viable, factual science, Rollo Reese May interjected that the study of human behavior has little room for concrete science and his method of psychology was by far the richest policy of inquiry.
Despite the rhetoric of May, his seemingly interchangeable views on broad subject matters and the inability to prove or disprove his claims, there is hardly a doubt that his relatable concepts on love and anxiety elicited incredible changes in the psychological field. Rollo Reese May brought a fundamental jolt to psychology by observing some neglected concepts such as determinism and identity; the key essential features that many believe are the main elements of the human psyche (Greenberg, Koole, Pyszczynski, 2004). It took prowess and courage to enter these aspects of personality because most psychologists ignored them for the purpose of being too vague and difficult to reach. When one dives into these matters that May was so passionate about, it becomes an engulfing task because each question develops into a new question and so on. There is no foreseeable end to the uncertainty of values, love and self-awareness. Yet May was unlike any other in that he strived to visit such magnified issues. Furthermore, his ability to connect to his audience through his creativity expressed in his many successfully published books claimed the attention of the very people psychology dared to analyze. Because of this, his readers were able to use May’s theory to personally test the ideas he presented in their own lives. The main objective in psychology is to introduce ideas that make sense. Although Rollo Reese May could not positively impose research to prove facts, he never let that shy him away from a study of existential psychotherapy nor his aim to otherwise prove his ideas through a simplistic and realistic fashion.
An Enlightenment of Personal Struggle
Rollo Reese May was quoted as saying, “we should be concerned with serenity, with loving people, and with serving” (cited from Rabinowitz, Good, Cozad, 1989, p. 439). This encompasses everything that May stood for. He was a deep-down humanist that believed in getting to the foundation of someone’s character before picking at the consequences on the surface. The human dilemma was indeed the root of all problems and if probed correctly, could set someone free. May was gloriously able to deliver a sure statement of what existential psychology was made up of when he said, “the microcosm of conscious is where the macrocosm of the universe is known. It is the fearful joy, the blessing, and the curse of man that he can be conscious of himself and his world” (May, 1969, p. 324). It is not underestimated the predicament existential psychology is faced with in that one question leads to a quandary of others in which none can be empirically supported. It is the sure nature of these delirious endeavors into the mind that many psychotherapists wish to prolong. Other psychological quests related to the objective approach are no less needed in the field, yet it is important to compliment these more common theories with the powerful punch of May’s psychological philosophies.
Personally, I am compelled by May’s theory because of my inclination to wonder about the more heavy matters of life. After diagnosing my own array of issues and how anxiety obviously affects my everyday life, I started to investigate the very principles that May suggested were causal of such dilemmas. I realized that I might not be balancing all of the constituents of authentic love that May brought into light. In order to truly be happy, one must have all aspects of relationships open for development so that they can honor one’s needs and wants. Anxiety has a major role in my life and as I looked into the existential theory that May cultivated, it became clear that I needed to grasp my identity better. I wear many hats as wife, mother, daughter, friend, and student, sister and sometimes activist. What seems to be missing is my true concept of identity and self-actualization. The avenues in life I choose to visit must foremost be the destination I choose only after it flatters my intended purposes for myself. This is what I gained from May’s theory, and it appealed to me in such a way that empirical research couldn’t penetrate. I know his theory is substantial because it relates directly to myself and I think that ability of relation his theory promises is the underlying magic that May conveys with his principles and ideals.
When taking into account the pros and cons of the theories that Rollo Reese May introduced, it is clear that his contributions are great. He expanded the theory of existentialism in ways that continue to beguile and inspire new research. Despite his unscientific approach to psychology, May broadened many views and dared to answer the deeper questions of life. By doing so, he impacted the field with an untouchable vigor and even went on to touch those that knew little of psychology with his books. Rollo Reese May uncovered what he believed to be the basic components of authentic love, how the importance of values in one’s life can impede or develop one’s personality and the nature of anxiety and how it relates to the downfall of the progression of human beings. Through his continued study of psychotherapy, May unleashed a kind of psychology that triggers one’s inner-self and allows them to reach into the future with the treasure trove of tools that May offered through his diligent hard work and fervor.
References
Greenberg, J., Koole, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (2004). Handbook of experimental existential
psychology. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
These authors give a much-needed perspective on existential psychology and how it applies to the self. This book offers a variety of reflections on the works of Rollo Reese May and how experimentation and existentialism can be applied together.
Hergenhahn, B.R., Olson, M. (2007). An Introduction to theories of personality (seventh
edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
These authors provide an in-depth look into the life and work of Rollo Reese May. This textbook gives information on several theoretical concepts that May developed with a major concentration on his contribution to existentialism.
May, R. (1983). The Discovery of being. New York, NY: W.W. Nortan & Company, Ltd.
This particular work by Rollo Reese May illustrates the paradox between societal demands and inner conception. It helps to shape the views of May into an intellectual standard of managing the world to better suit our individual needs. It also delves into productive counseling.
May, R. (1977). The Meaning of anxiety. New York, NY: W.W. Nortan & Company,
Ltd.
This is one of the publications by Rollo Reese May in which he describes how anxiety works in the lives of humans and existential psychology. He further explains the roles of society and politics and incorporates these aspects of human life with his theories. He explores how the stresses of life impinge upon the need to confront anxiety and deal with it properly.
Rabinowitz, F., Good, G., & Cozad, L. (1989). Rollo may: a man of meaning and myth.
Journal of Counseling and Development, 67(8), Retrieved from
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1583205&sid=2&Fmt=6&clientId=74379&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
These authors have a particularly valuable perspective on the Rollo Reese May because they interviewed him personally for the purpose of this article. This article provides insight on May’s views on the counseling profession and his concerns about society and how they effect personal human development.
Silvia, P., & O'Brien, M. (2004). Self-awareness and constructive functioning: "revisiting
the human dilemma". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(4), Retrieved
from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=688722991&sid=2&Fmt=4&clientId= 74379&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
These authors clearly incorporate the theory of Rollo Reese May into self-awareness. This article demonstrates the usefulness of Rollo Reese May and his contribution to the theory of the human dilemma and creative achievement.
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Rollo Reese May studied psychoanalysis and contributed greatly to the cause. He made incredible strides in clinical psychology. As an existential psychologist, May uncovered what he believed to be the nature and causes of anxiety (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Furthermore, Rollo Reese May took existential psychology to new heights. His resonant biography outlines his tribulations that reflect on his grand choice of psychological pursuits and illustrates his miraculous ability to develop ideas that correlate with every human being and the discovery of self. Rollo Reese May broke through many barriers to achieve a respected standing in the field. It is through his many elaborate contributions to the discipline of psychology that May leaves his mark, particularly through his examination of authentic love, the importance of values, and the human dilemma.
Biography
Rollo Reese May was born in 1901 to an unpleasant home life. As the second child of six children, May experienced a lack of attention and a rather traumatic experience when his older sister became victim of psychotic episodes and was eventually diagnosed with schizophrenia (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). May’s parents were neither interested in intellectual matters nor did they encourage the pursuit of them. This negative attitude towards education provided a major deficit of intellectual stimulation in the home. In fact, May’s father contributed his sister’s schizophrenia to an unnecessary abundance of education. When considering the serious mental disturbances of his older sister, it can be quite obvious where the interest in psychology sparked within May. However, with the disapproving stigma of educational matters alive within his home, it is also evident that a journey in psychology was a hard-pressed path for May.
Despite obstacles presented before him, May went to school to engage in academia pertaining to the field of psychology. He desperately pursued the human condition and went on to fulfill much of his education. He even served as a minister in a religious congregation for nearly 2 years at which time he discovered some problematic issues within the church, not pertaining to religion but to the congregation at hand. He went on to muster his passion into reaching the depths of psychology that had yet been untouched, and this endeavor led him straight to clinical psychology and the study of existentialism. He wrote many books that incorporated religion and psychology that sparked some controversy because many professionals believed that religion had little place in psychology besides the wonderment of why human beings grasp the concept and how it relates to behavior and idealistic ways of life. However, May had the ability to infuse religious and psychological beliefs into a meaningful collaboration.
In the middle of his flourishing career and education, Rollo Reese May had a traumatic experience with tuberculosis and was even admitted to a sanitarium (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). He came close to death and this proved to undoubtedly be a dark time in his life. Despite the serious nature of this experience and his declining health, it provided a clear desire to uncover the profundities of the mind and brought him closer to a new development called existential psychology.
May’s niche in the psychological field proved to be that of the deliverer of reachable concepts that could penetrate interested minds while also making a huge mark in the field of psychology amongst many educated individuals. Perhaps his most loved and greatest accomplishment was the array of books he produced on psychology that proved to be relatable to most people trying to discover the true meaning of life their own unique place within it. May eventually earned his PhD in clinical psychology, going on to teach at many top universities in addition to producing some of the most influential publications on existential psychology and what he coined the human dilemma.
Contributions to Existentialism
Rollo Reese May fought to enter the world of psychology. In the beginning when Freud ruled the realm of behavioral science and psychotherapy, there was a point to keep psychologists out of the field as remembered by Rollo Reese May (Rabinowitz, Good, Cozad, 1989). Swayed by strong contenders in the psychology of existentialism such as Soren Kierkegaard and Paul Tillich, Rollo Reese May took great interest in the proposed theories and leaped into a new development of human science. He invented captivating suppositions regarding the nature of love, the importance of values and the human dilemma.
Many psychologists and psychoanalysts aim to achieve a true implication of what love means to people and how it is applied to discern mating and behavior. Rollo Reese May had a relatively unique position on love in contrast to what others in his field presumed. May spoke of an authentic love that was an amalgamation of four other distinct types of love that he identified: sex, eros, philia, and agape (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007).
Sex, according to Rollo Reese May, is a biological drive that satisfies a basic need and triggers a person’s desire for an available object that would satisfy this basic yet fervent need (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007, p. 515). Eros is one’s desire to be connected to another person and have a unified existence together (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). The relationship aspect of this type of love leads to a creative union that is the extension of mere sex. Another type of love that May classified is philia. This kind of love is more of a friendship but is very important to continue the previous two loves. This love deals with acceptance of one another, a strong connection, and all of the sacrifice of one’s self to allow the other partner to flourish. The last love in May’s assessment is that of agape in which there is “esteem for the other, the concern for the other’s welfare beyond any gain that on can get out of it” (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007, p. 517), as stated by Hergenhahn and Olson. Agapé is centered on unselfish and complete love with the giving of one’s self to the other. Only when these four loves are in place and actively utilized in a relationship is authentic love at work. May’s theory of love is a huge contribution to psychology and explains some basic concepts that have been visited by other psychologists but explained in simple and unattested terms by Rollo Reese May.
The importance of values is one aspect of human life that continues to beguile many psychologists. The significance of what values mean to people is not the only concern in psychology, but also the determinants of how they effect behavior and shape personality. May defined values as the symbolism of experiences and the importance of them in our lives (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). May concentrated his work strictly on existential psychology and the cause of anxiety. According to May, any threat to the development of values as guided by loved ones, experience, physical growth and nourishment is what begins the very hardships of anxiety (Greenberg, Koole, Pyszczynski, 2004). Because May believed that anxiety is the basis of most psychological neurosis and the outlook one has on the world, values and the threats against them pose the underlying contributions to anxiety. This can impair the ability to lead a healthy life unless one is able to recognize these distinctive threats and balance the different loves we encounter and cultivate.
His main contributions and beliefs in love and important values lead to the vary nature of May’s work. According to Rollo Reese May, “the human dilemma is that which arises out of a man's capacity to experience himself as both subject and object at the same time. Both are necessary-for the science of psychology, for therapy, and for gratifying living” (May, 1977, p. 8). Essentially, May rose to the occasion to incorporate all of the meaninful areas of one’s life and how they relate to the world and to themselves. Rollo Reese May believed that psychology and the individual life were important for one another to capture the true essence of why we are the way we are.
According to May, we cannot separate ourselves as subject or object. This is where the human dilemma lies in that we need both perspectives but can sometimes rely heavily on just one. When we look at ourselves as objects, we can analyze our strengths and weaknesses and indispensably we begin to appraise ourselves (Silvia, O’Brien, 2004). The problem with this scenario is that although we may have the opportunity to better ourselves, clearly in doing so we separate ourselves from our experiences (May, 1983). The more positive way to live is to have self-awareness and be able to interpret significant life experiences and apply them to a more constructive lifestyle (Silvia, O’Brien, 2004).
Among the foundation of his theory in existential psychology, May advanced the field with his numerous additives in behavioral science and his focus on anxiety. As described by Hergenhahn and Olson, he accepted modes of human existence that include our “interactions with the physical world, our interactions with other humans, and how one interacts with oneself” (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007, p. 523). May pressed the importance of therapy and how therapeutic endeavors alone can determine the prediction and control of behavior rather than relying on the more popular forms of objective psychology.
Critical Evaluation of Rollo Reese May
As with all psychologists and the theories they bore, criticism is abundant among the psychological and scientific community. It is important to see the justifications and the problematic aspects of each theory as to learn from them and build upon them. Rollo Reese May had an interesting position within the realm of personality theory that indeed brought some critiques to the forefront.
One of the strongest oppositions to May’s theory is that it is based more on philosophy than psychology (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). It is assumed that conceptualizing values and commitments are left to theological research, but it is the existentialists that push these aspects of human personality into the study of psychology (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Moreover, Rollo Reese May’s usage of nebulous terminology made his theory a target for critics. Trying to concretely define such terms such as “freedom, responsibility, commitment, guilt, intentionality, love, and courage” can be an impossible task because meanings of these areas in life can be different for just about anyone (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007, p. 523). Even with May’s argument that these concepts are every bit as significant a part of personality as society, culture and genetics, these elements do seem to muddy the waters of an already broad area of psychology.
One of the biggest threats to May’s theory is that of scientific research. With existentialism, there really is little room for empirical study or traditional methods of experimentation. May’s strong focus on existential psychotherapy and the conduction of free will pose an amazing quandary where proof is concerned. The problem lies within the fact that certain aspects that May was intrigued by and continued his study on were arguably subjective matters. However, with the near impossibility of proving his theory, one cannot dismiss the substance in which it held. Although some may contend that these aspects of free will and psychotherapy have triviality compared to viable, factual science, Rollo Reese May interjected that the study of human behavior has little room for concrete science and his method of psychology was by far the richest policy of inquiry.
Despite the rhetoric of May, his seemingly interchangeable views on broad subject matters and the inability to prove or disprove his claims, there is hardly a doubt that his relatable concepts on love and anxiety elicited incredible changes in the psychological field. Rollo Reese May brought a fundamental jolt to psychology by observing some neglected concepts such as determinism and identity; the key essential features that many believe are the main elements of the human psyche (Greenberg, Koole, Pyszczynski, 2004). It took prowess and courage to enter these aspects of personality because most psychologists ignored them for the purpose of being too vague and difficult to reach. When one dives into these matters that May was so passionate about, it becomes an engulfing task because each question develops into a new question and so on. There is no foreseeable end to the uncertainty of values, love and self-awareness. Yet May was unlike any other in that he strived to visit such magnified issues. Furthermore, his ability to connect to his audience through his creativity expressed in his many successfully published books claimed the attention of the very people psychology dared to analyze. Because of this, his readers were able to use May’s theory to personally test the ideas he presented in their own lives. The main objective in psychology is to introduce ideas that make sense. Although Rollo Reese May could not positively impose research to prove facts, he never let that shy him away from a study of existential psychotherapy nor his aim to otherwise prove his ideas through a simplistic and realistic fashion.
An Enlightenment of Personal Struggle
Rollo Reese May was quoted as saying, “we should be concerned with serenity, with loving people, and with serving” (cited from Rabinowitz, Good, Cozad, 1989, p. 439). This encompasses everything that May stood for. He was a deep-down humanist that believed in getting to the foundation of someone’s character before picking at the consequences on the surface. The human dilemma was indeed the root of all problems and if probed correctly, could set someone free. May was gloriously able to deliver a sure statement of what existential psychology was made up of when he said, “the microcosm of conscious is where the macrocosm of the universe is known. It is the fearful joy, the blessing, and the curse of man that he can be conscious of himself and his world” (May, 1969, p. 324). It is not underestimated the predicament existential psychology is faced with in that one question leads to a quandary of others in which none can be empirically supported. It is the sure nature of these delirious endeavors into the mind that many psychotherapists wish to prolong. Other psychological quests related to the objective approach are no less needed in the field, yet it is important to compliment these more common theories with the powerful punch of May’s psychological philosophies.
Personally, I am compelled by May’s theory because of my inclination to wonder about the more heavy matters of life. After diagnosing my own array of issues and how anxiety obviously affects my everyday life, I started to investigate the very principles that May suggested were causal of such dilemmas. I realized that I might not be balancing all of the constituents of authentic love that May brought into light. In order to truly be happy, one must have all aspects of relationships open for development so that they can honor one’s needs and wants. Anxiety has a major role in my life and as I looked into the existential theory that May cultivated, it became clear that I needed to grasp my identity better. I wear many hats as wife, mother, daughter, friend, and student, sister and sometimes activist. What seems to be missing is my true concept of identity and self-actualization. The avenues in life I choose to visit must foremost be the destination I choose only after it flatters my intended purposes for myself. This is what I gained from May’s theory, and it appealed to me in such a way that empirical research couldn’t penetrate. I know his theory is substantial because it relates directly to myself and I think that ability of relation his theory promises is the underlying magic that May conveys with his principles and ideals.
When taking into account the pros and cons of the theories that Rollo Reese May introduced, it is clear that his contributions are great. He expanded the theory of existentialism in ways that continue to beguile and inspire new research. Despite his unscientific approach to psychology, May broadened many views and dared to answer the deeper questions of life. By doing so, he impacted the field with an untouchable vigor and even went on to touch those that knew little of psychology with his books. Rollo Reese May uncovered what he believed to be the basic components of authentic love, how the importance of values in one’s life can impede or develop one’s personality and the nature of anxiety and how it relates to the downfall of the progression of human beings. Through his continued study of psychotherapy, May unleashed a kind of psychology that triggers one’s inner-self and allows them to reach into the future with the treasure trove of tools that May offered through his diligent hard work and fervor.
References
Greenberg, J., Koole, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (2004). Handbook of experimental existential
psychology. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
These authors give a much-needed perspective on existential psychology and how it applies to the self. This book offers a variety of reflections on the works of Rollo Reese May and how experimentation and existentialism can be applied together.
Hergenhahn, B.R., Olson, M. (2007). An Introduction to theories of personality (seventh
edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
These authors provide an in-depth look into the life and work of Rollo Reese May. This textbook gives information on several theoretical concepts that May developed with a major concentration on his contribution to existentialism.
May, R. (1983). The Discovery of being. New York, NY: W.W. Nortan & Company, Ltd.
This particular work by Rollo Reese May illustrates the paradox between societal demands and inner conception. It helps to shape the views of May into an intellectual standard of managing the world to better suit our individual needs. It also delves into productive counseling.
May, R. (1977). The Meaning of anxiety. New York, NY: W.W. Nortan & Company,
Ltd.
This is one of the publications by Rollo Reese May in which he describes how anxiety works in the lives of humans and existential psychology. He further explains the roles of society and politics and incorporates these aspects of human life with his theories. He explores how the stresses of life impinge upon the need to confront anxiety and deal with it properly.
Rabinowitz, F., Good, G., & Cozad, L. (1989). Rollo may: a man of meaning and myth.
Journal of Counseling and Development, 67(8), Retrieved from
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1583205&sid=2&Fmt=6&clientId=74379&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
These authors have a particularly valuable perspective on the Rollo Reese May because they interviewed him personally for the purpose of this article. This article provides insight on May’s views on the counseling profession and his concerns about society and how they effect personal human development.
Silvia, P., & O'Brien, M. (2004). Self-awareness and constructive functioning: "revisiting
the human dilemma". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(4), Retrieved
from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=688722991&sid=2&Fmt=4&clientId= 74379&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
These authors clearly incorporate the theory of Rollo Reese May into self-awareness. This article demonstrates the usefulness of Rollo Reese May and his contribution to the theory of the human dilemma and creative achievement.
Sunday, January 17, 2010
How Self-Esteem Guides Success and Failure
How Self-Esteem Guides Success and Failure
Psychology is abundant with theories and concepts that continue to beguile human minds from the most seasoned scientists to the typical citizen. One particular aspect of psychology that affects every person is that of self-esteem. The belief we have in our self is so powerful that it generally affects all areas in life and guides us toward success or failure. This author will delve into the deep psychological realms of self-esteem, what impinges on each individual and their degree of self-esteem, and how one can determine the means to positive self-realization through healthy self-esteem.
The Existence of Self-Esteem
Very few psychological inquiries lack the element of intrigue. Most, however, are specific to certain groups of people and have a diverse array of interest points. Self-esteem is unique in this regard because it affects all human beings. It lives and breathes in every human mind with varying measures of strength and endurance. Self-esteem can lead our thoughts and actions in a most incredible way; guiding us into destructive behavior or successful pursuits. Self-esteem can be defined in simple terms as, “a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth (Myers, 2005, pg. 62)”.
Many features of human life influence and directly impact a person’s self-esteem. The outside world is always pushing and pulling with an intrusive force into the lives of each individual. The willingness of a person to structure and conduct their own analysis of self worth is dependant on filtering these influences for negative effects. Self-esteem is the power of drive, the blaster of limitations, and the encouragement to a thirsty soul. Everyone has some level of self-esteem, however, this is never the same throughout life as our self-esteem becomes inhibited and grows in direct relation to certain life experiences and challenges with social interaction.
The history of self-esteem can be traced all the way back to childhood. It can be evident in the newest of babies and seemingly grows with the child’s biological progression. Many things can prove to be a determinant for self-esteem, whether poor or extremely healthy. A positive home environment feeds the persistence of a hale and hearty self-esteem. Positive support breeds well adjusted self-conception in children. Interaction with siblings and peers promote self-identity and help to blossom unique individuality. A child becomes aware of their personal qualities and talents and self-esteem flourishes. But there are natural human tendencies to doubt one’s own self worth throughout the many complicated stages of life. The awareness a child may adopt of their self is constantly battled with the perception of other’s intrinsic traits (Myers, 2005). Siblings are compared throughout childhood as others notice specific characteristics. Children become conscious of the reality of differences and tend to doubt the significance of their own contribution to society. And just as positive encouragement can help a child gain self-esteem; negative environmental effects can systematically destroy it. Once a child grows and changes, they are thrust into new situations and grander schemes within the world. No longer does the secluded environment of home supply the needed tools for self-esteem. Parents dote and confirm the greatness within a child, but the new exposure to the outside world through school and other activities threaten the comfort of positive justification and acknowledgment. This author’s seven-year-old daughter comes to mind with the topic of self-esteem. With the insurance of love and support in the household, this author makes it a point to consistently praise her children for their effort and their amazing capabilities. Yet, this author’s daughter has displayed low self-esteem on many occasions. Despite the bombarding comments of her beauty inside and out, this author’s daughter has negatively described herself as less than beautiful. And regardless of the many acknowledgements from her loving parents, school teacher and peers that she is brilliant and intellectually advanced for her age, when this author’s daughter gets less than a perfect grade on a spelling test, she never fails to call herself names that degrade her intelligence. Seemingly, there is more to self-esteem then positive outside influence or negative outside influence. One has an internal calculator that bases worth on many things. Success and failure can be swinging pendulums marking our belief with every move we make.
What Determines Self-Esteem
An important and interesting factor that plays a role in self-esteem development is that of one’s own perceptions. Despite positive role models in life, a happy home, and healthy relationships with others, a person will naturally construct self-beliefs based on internal realities. Influences from others also help self-esteem take shape in new ways. Usually there are inconsistencies with social interactions with others, and many of these provide negative feedback that is usually compiled from another’s self-esteem. Degrading another person or attempting to lower someone’s image will undoubtedly have an affect on the self-perception (Myers, 2005).
Possibly the main ingredient for disturbing behavior is low self-esteem. “A close relationship has been documented between low self-esteem and such problems as violence, alcoholism, drug abuse, eating disorders, school dropouts, teenage pregnancy, suicide, and low academic achievement (NASE, 2008, pg. 1)”. This author has experienced negative effects of low self-esteem. Lack of motivation for betterment of self, fear of trying new things, and unwillingness to recognize successes are all symptoms of self-esteem issues that this author has had challenges with. What this author has determined is that with the ever-changing cycle of life, self-esteem can be dangerously maneuvered to serve a purpose. Self-esteem can be consciously and sub-consciously altered to justify shortcomings and can also be the culprit of them directly.
Within the scope of achievement, it is highly regarded that self-esteem is closely linked with performance. It is very difficult to triumph with a negative or slurred image of one’s self. And it seems that we persistently have to reprogram our life and the belief we have in our self. Therefore, the development of healthy self-esteem is a consistent process in which we must be aware in order to have a balanced existence.
Developing Healthy Self-Esteem
Perhaps there is no certain way of having a belief in self that defies all negativity. If so, success would be imminent in all that we do. But a bright side of this issue is apparent through many psychological studies of self-esteem. Many people have suffered from self-loathing or low self-esteem. As discussed previously, this can come about from outside influence or internal apprehension.
It seems perceptible that having high self-esteem keeps us out of undesirable situations. Persuasion has a huge impact on us in life, and it generates more profusely when our self-esteem is damaged or fragile. Studies on persuasion and its relation to self-esteem have shown that “when people think deeply rather than superficially, any changed attitude will more likely persist, resist attack, and influence behavior (cited from Myers, D., 2005, pg. 249)”. Persuasion has less influence on our well being when we have positive self-esteem and we are able to constantly nurture our self-beliefs and remain static with our feelings about who we are. Outside influence then becomes less relevant and we are able to filter good influence from bad.
While the exploration of self-esteem has proven that high self-esteem is much more positive and provides better results than low self-esteem, it is important to note that while self-esteem is relevant and necessary for a healthy living style, it is also dangerous to have an overly elevated sense of self-esteem. “When feeling threatened, only high-self-esteem people became significantly more antagonistic – arrogant, rude, and unfriendly (cited from Meyers, D., 2005, pg. 65)”. Similarly, low self-esteem will have an astoundingly unconstructive effect.
One must balance this affliction without fail throughout their lives. Because life has a very indistinctive roadmap for us all, we must recognize the many falls and rises of our successes and failures and what helps to cause these events as well as our reaction to them. If a man proposes marriage with a sustaining affirmative response, his self-esteem will naturally heighten. He will believe that he is worthy and will eventually engender characteristics to support this belief. On the other hand, suppose a woman dates a man for a long while and never receives a proposal of marriage or acknowledgement that the relationship will grow into more substantial levels. She will of course feel lowly of herself because of this solitary event and start to wonder what is wrong with her. The latter is a harmful situation, but a healthy person will assess it in order to discern other factors that come into play aside from lack of traits within the self.
Undoubtedly, “crises of self-esteem are a part of the human experience (Zenk, A, 2007, pg. 1)”. Hence, we should understand that normality is evident in fluctuating self-esteem. It is our duty to monitor these occurrences to weed our depression and other afflictions to remain healthy. Balancing our self-belief is also important for the improvement of self-esteem. Self-affirmation techniques such as telling ourselves that we are attractive, able and kind are great ways to increase self-esteem. Reminding ourselves of our achievements and awards throughout life will help sustain a positive self-image as well as evaluating our failures and contemplating what we would change about our performance. We must not, however, allow ourselves to attain blame in other areas to boost our self-esteem. This may protect our self-belief temporarily, but will assess more problems in life that will cause depression and paranoia because we may tend to believe that the world is against us despite our grand attempts at success.
Staying away from “should” statements will also generate better self-awareness habits (Zenk, A., 2007, pg. 1). Staying clear of regret or guilt and appraising the best steps to success will surely gain self-esteem that is accurate and balanced appropriately. “Find out what you want and what you are good at, value those, and take actions designed to fulfill your potential (Zenk, A., 2007, pg. 1)”. One should also avoid “immediate gratification” and treat their own needs and wants with dignity (Zenk, A., 2007, pg. 1)”. Monitoring our growth and the changing needs we have will help us approach a healthy self-image. And lastly, in order to gain and subsequently maintain healthy self-esteem, we should “set achievable goals” and ultimately rely on our “own self-perception” as opposed to the outside view that seemingly penetrates our own beliefs and realities about our self (Zenk, A., 2007, pg. 1). These tools will generate positive self-esteem while maintaining a realism about our growth and undeniable challenges throughout life.
Self-esteem is a topic within psychology that has never lost its luster. The discovery of what self-esteem is and why exactly it is so important has brought us to an understanding that all human beings have self-esteem and deal with it in different ways. Although healthy self-esteem is never set in stone as life experiences cause us to wander in our self-beliefs, it is evident that continually fostering what constitutes as self-esteem is what captures healthy living among human beings. Having a truthful adaptation of who we are, what we are good at, and how we can be better seem to be the fundamental points to continuous self-esteem.
References
Myers, D. (2005). Social Psychology (8th edition). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
NASA, National Association for Self-Esteem (2008). What is self-esteem?
Retrieved April 19, 2009, from National Association for Self-Esteem Web site: http://www.self-esteem-nase.org/what.php.
Zenk, A. (2007). Texas woman’s university. Retrieved May 3, 2009, from Improving
Self-Confidence Web site: http://www.twu.edu/osl/Counseling/SelfHelp034.html.
Psychology is abundant with theories and concepts that continue to beguile human minds from the most seasoned scientists to the typical citizen. One particular aspect of psychology that affects every person is that of self-esteem. The belief we have in our self is so powerful that it generally affects all areas in life and guides us toward success or failure. This author will delve into the deep psychological realms of self-esteem, what impinges on each individual and their degree of self-esteem, and how one can determine the means to positive self-realization through healthy self-esteem.
The Existence of Self-Esteem
Very few psychological inquiries lack the element of intrigue. Most, however, are specific to certain groups of people and have a diverse array of interest points. Self-esteem is unique in this regard because it affects all human beings. It lives and breathes in every human mind with varying measures of strength and endurance. Self-esteem can lead our thoughts and actions in a most incredible way; guiding us into destructive behavior or successful pursuits. Self-esteem can be defined in simple terms as, “a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth (Myers, 2005, pg. 62)”.
Many features of human life influence and directly impact a person’s self-esteem. The outside world is always pushing and pulling with an intrusive force into the lives of each individual. The willingness of a person to structure and conduct their own analysis of self worth is dependant on filtering these influences for negative effects. Self-esteem is the power of drive, the blaster of limitations, and the encouragement to a thirsty soul. Everyone has some level of self-esteem, however, this is never the same throughout life as our self-esteem becomes inhibited and grows in direct relation to certain life experiences and challenges with social interaction.
The history of self-esteem can be traced all the way back to childhood. It can be evident in the newest of babies and seemingly grows with the child’s biological progression. Many things can prove to be a determinant for self-esteem, whether poor or extremely healthy. A positive home environment feeds the persistence of a hale and hearty self-esteem. Positive support breeds well adjusted self-conception in children. Interaction with siblings and peers promote self-identity and help to blossom unique individuality. A child becomes aware of their personal qualities and talents and self-esteem flourishes. But there are natural human tendencies to doubt one’s own self worth throughout the many complicated stages of life. The awareness a child may adopt of their self is constantly battled with the perception of other’s intrinsic traits (Myers, 2005). Siblings are compared throughout childhood as others notice specific characteristics. Children become conscious of the reality of differences and tend to doubt the significance of their own contribution to society. And just as positive encouragement can help a child gain self-esteem; negative environmental effects can systematically destroy it. Once a child grows and changes, they are thrust into new situations and grander schemes within the world. No longer does the secluded environment of home supply the needed tools for self-esteem. Parents dote and confirm the greatness within a child, but the new exposure to the outside world through school and other activities threaten the comfort of positive justification and acknowledgment. This author’s seven-year-old daughter comes to mind with the topic of self-esteem. With the insurance of love and support in the household, this author makes it a point to consistently praise her children for their effort and their amazing capabilities. Yet, this author’s daughter has displayed low self-esteem on many occasions. Despite the bombarding comments of her beauty inside and out, this author’s daughter has negatively described herself as less than beautiful. And regardless of the many acknowledgements from her loving parents, school teacher and peers that she is brilliant and intellectually advanced for her age, when this author’s daughter gets less than a perfect grade on a spelling test, she never fails to call herself names that degrade her intelligence. Seemingly, there is more to self-esteem then positive outside influence or negative outside influence. One has an internal calculator that bases worth on many things. Success and failure can be swinging pendulums marking our belief with every move we make.
What Determines Self-Esteem
An important and interesting factor that plays a role in self-esteem development is that of one’s own perceptions. Despite positive role models in life, a happy home, and healthy relationships with others, a person will naturally construct self-beliefs based on internal realities. Influences from others also help self-esteem take shape in new ways. Usually there are inconsistencies with social interactions with others, and many of these provide negative feedback that is usually compiled from another’s self-esteem. Degrading another person or attempting to lower someone’s image will undoubtedly have an affect on the self-perception (Myers, 2005).
Possibly the main ingredient for disturbing behavior is low self-esteem. “A close relationship has been documented between low self-esteem and such problems as violence, alcoholism, drug abuse, eating disorders, school dropouts, teenage pregnancy, suicide, and low academic achievement (NASE, 2008, pg. 1)”. This author has experienced negative effects of low self-esteem. Lack of motivation for betterment of self, fear of trying new things, and unwillingness to recognize successes are all symptoms of self-esteem issues that this author has had challenges with. What this author has determined is that with the ever-changing cycle of life, self-esteem can be dangerously maneuvered to serve a purpose. Self-esteem can be consciously and sub-consciously altered to justify shortcomings and can also be the culprit of them directly.
Within the scope of achievement, it is highly regarded that self-esteem is closely linked with performance. It is very difficult to triumph with a negative or slurred image of one’s self. And it seems that we persistently have to reprogram our life and the belief we have in our self. Therefore, the development of healthy self-esteem is a consistent process in which we must be aware in order to have a balanced existence.
Developing Healthy Self-Esteem
Perhaps there is no certain way of having a belief in self that defies all negativity. If so, success would be imminent in all that we do. But a bright side of this issue is apparent through many psychological studies of self-esteem. Many people have suffered from self-loathing or low self-esteem. As discussed previously, this can come about from outside influence or internal apprehension.
It seems perceptible that having high self-esteem keeps us out of undesirable situations. Persuasion has a huge impact on us in life, and it generates more profusely when our self-esteem is damaged or fragile. Studies on persuasion and its relation to self-esteem have shown that “when people think deeply rather than superficially, any changed attitude will more likely persist, resist attack, and influence behavior (cited from Myers, D., 2005, pg. 249)”. Persuasion has less influence on our well being when we have positive self-esteem and we are able to constantly nurture our self-beliefs and remain static with our feelings about who we are. Outside influence then becomes less relevant and we are able to filter good influence from bad.
While the exploration of self-esteem has proven that high self-esteem is much more positive and provides better results than low self-esteem, it is important to note that while self-esteem is relevant and necessary for a healthy living style, it is also dangerous to have an overly elevated sense of self-esteem. “When feeling threatened, only high-self-esteem people became significantly more antagonistic – arrogant, rude, and unfriendly (cited from Meyers, D., 2005, pg. 65)”. Similarly, low self-esteem will have an astoundingly unconstructive effect.
One must balance this affliction without fail throughout their lives. Because life has a very indistinctive roadmap for us all, we must recognize the many falls and rises of our successes and failures and what helps to cause these events as well as our reaction to them. If a man proposes marriage with a sustaining affirmative response, his self-esteem will naturally heighten. He will believe that he is worthy and will eventually engender characteristics to support this belief. On the other hand, suppose a woman dates a man for a long while and never receives a proposal of marriage or acknowledgement that the relationship will grow into more substantial levels. She will of course feel lowly of herself because of this solitary event and start to wonder what is wrong with her. The latter is a harmful situation, but a healthy person will assess it in order to discern other factors that come into play aside from lack of traits within the self.
Undoubtedly, “crises of self-esteem are a part of the human experience (Zenk, A, 2007, pg. 1)”. Hence, we should understand that normality is evident in fluctuating self-esteem. It is our duty to monitor these occurrences to weed our depression and other afflictions to remain healthy. Balancing our self-belief is also important for the improvement of self-esteem. Self-affirmation techniques such as telling ourselves that we are attractive, able and kind are great ways to increase self-esteem. Reminding ourselves of our achievements and awards throughout life will help sustain a positive self-image as well as evaluating our failures and contemplating what we would change about our performance. We must not, however, allow ourselves to attain blame in other areas to boost our self-esteem. This may protect our self-belief temporarily, but will assess more problems in life that will cause depression and paranoia because we may tend to believe that the world is against us despite our grand attempts at success.
Staying away from “should” statements will also generate better self-awareness habits (Zenk, A., 2007, pg. 1). Staying clear of regret or guilt and appraising the best steps to success will surely gain self-esteem that is accurate and balanced appropriately. “Find out what you want and what you are good at, value those, and take actions designed to fulfill your potential (Zenk, A., 2007, pg. 1)”. One should also avoid “immediate gratification” and treat their own needs and wants with dignity (Zenk, A., 2007, pg. 1)”. Monitoring our growth and the changing needs we have will help us approach a healthy self-image. And lastly, in order to gain and subsequently maintain healthy self-esteem, we should “set achievable goals” and ultimately rely on our “own self-perception” as opposed to the outside view that seemingly penetrates our own beliefs and realities about our self (Zenk, A., 2007, pg. 1). These tools will generate positive self-esteem while maintaining a realism about our growth and undeniable challenges throughout life.
Self-esteem is a topic within psychology that has never lost its luster. The discovery of what self-esteem is and why exactly it is so important has brought us to an understanding that all human beings have self-esteem and deal with it in different ways. Although healthy self-esteem is never set in stone as life experiences cause us to wander in our self-beliefs, it is evident that continually fostering what constitutes as self-esteem is what captures healthy living among human beings. Having a truthful adaptation of who we are, what we are good at, and how we can be better seem to be the fundamental points to continuous self-esteem.
References
Myers, D. (2005). Social Psychology (8th edition). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
NASA, National Association for Self-Esteem (2008). What is self-esteem?
Retrieved April 19, 2009, from National Association for Self-Esteem Web site: http://www.self-esteem-nase.org/what.php.
Zenk, A. (2007). Texas woman’s university. Retrieved May 3, 2009, from Improving
Self-Confidence Web site: http://www.twu.edu/osl/Counseling/SelfHelp034.html.
Tuesday, January 12, 2010
Psychosexual vs Psychosocial ©
Erik Erickson surprisingly endorsed Sigmund Freud’s theory and supported it almost wholeheartedly despite the obvious contrast that his own theories of development posed against Freud’s. The differences between Freud and Erickson were much more prominent than the similarities.
In regard to development, one of the impacting contrasts between Freud and Erickson was the psychosexual theory of development that Freud employed (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Although Erickson as a self-proclaimed Freudian did not specifically argue against the psychosexual realm of development like many other theorists, he clearly rejected the focus of sexual motivation in his own developmental theory. Also, Erickson clearly focused his thoughts on development throughout the lifecycle of the human being, while Freud seemingly believed that development in the most early years are what influenced personality (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Erickson was precise and detailed with his analysis of the development process through life, which made his theory quite unique to others.
Freud concentrated almost solely on biological aspects of human development, insinuating clearly that biology marks the important justifications of behavior and personality. However, though Erickson did agree that biological influence was a strong contender in the causes of personality, he went on to stress that it was the magical marriage of biological and environmental factors that made the development of personality complete (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Therefore, the main differences between Freud and Erickson can be described as the design they represented. Furthermore, the intricate details that Erickson examined, such as social and cultural aspects of life, truly brought his elaborate theory to new heights (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007).
Despite the unambiguous disparity that existed between Freud and Erickson, there were some comparisons that were evident between these two distinctive theories as well. They both obviously concentrated on the theories of personality and they also had a common psychoanalytical approach to discovering what causes behavior in human beings (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). More distinct similarities can be found through Freud and Erickson’s agreement that personality development occurred through fixed stages (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Regarding those stages, Freud and Erickson both also fervently believed that a crisis must be resolved before healthy progression throughout the coming stages could successfully transpire (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007).
I believe that Erickson’s theory can most definitely stand alone without the support of Freud’s theory. However, it is important to note that Freud was essential to so many psychologists and theorists that dared to explore personality development further. Whether the purpose was to disprove Freud’s theory or carry it to new dimensions, the reality seems to show that without Freud and his psychosexual developmental theory, there might not have been many more theories on the stages of development to follow. With that said, Erickson himself seemed to connect closely with the Freudian circle and attribute his own great works to Freud much more adamantly than I would suppose to be accurate.
References
Hergenhahn, B.R., Olson M. (2007). Theories of Personality (seventh edition).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
In regard to development, one of the impacting contrasts between Freud and Erickson was the psychosexual theory of development that Freud employed (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Although Erickson as a self-proclaimed Freudian did not specifically argue against the psychosexual realm of development like many other theorists, he clearly rejected the focus of sexual motivation in his own developmental theory. Also, Erickson clearly focused his thoughts on development throughout the lifecycle of the human being, while Freud seemingly believed that development in the most early years are what influenced personality (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Erickson was precise and detailed with his analysis of the development process through life, which made his theory quite unique to others.
Freud concentrated almost solely on biological aspects of human development, insinuating clearly that biology marks the important justifications of behavior and personality. However, though Erickson did agree that biological influence was a strong contender in the causes of personality, he went on to stress that it was the magical marriage of biological and environmental factors that made the development of personality complete (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Therefore, the main differences between Freud and Erickson can be described as the design they represented. Furthermore, the intricate details that Erickson examined, such as social and cultural aspects of life, truly brought his elaborate theory to new heights (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007).
Despite the unambiguous disparity that existed between Freud and Erickson, there were some comparisons that were evident between these two distinctive theories as well. They both obviously concentrated on the theories of personality and they also had a common psychoanalytical approach to discovering what causes behavior in human beings (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). More distinct similarities can be found through Freud and Erickson’s agreement that personality development occurred through fixed stages (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007). Regarding those stages, Freud and Erickson both also fervently believed that a crisis must be resolved before healthy progression throughout the coming stages could successfully transpire (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2007).
I believe that Erickson’s theory can most definitely stand alone without the support of Freud’s theory. However, it is important to note that Freud was essential to so many psychologists and theorists that dared to explore personality development further. Whether the purpose was to disprove Freud’s theory or carry it to new dimensions, the reality seems to show that without Freud and his psychosexual developmental theory, there might not have been many more theories on the stages of development to follow. With that said, Erickson himself seemed to connect closely with the Freudian circle and attribute his own great works to Freud much more adamantly than I would suppose to be accurate.
References
Hergenhahn, B.R., Olson M. (2007). Theories of Personality (seventh edition).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Thursday, December 10, 2009
Divisions of the Mind ©
Freud had fascinating ideas of the human psyche and measured the ostensibly eccentric aspects of the human being by presenting his principles in a manner that both shocked and intrigued. His three components of personality still influences psychology in today’s world.
The id is the foundation of the beginning of development in personality. The basic needs of survival influence action and this can be seen from early infanthood. A child can only obtain his needs by showing signs of hunger or pain. The id reflects the belief of Freud that the main objective of human life is to ward off pain and to gain pleasure (Bannister, D., 2009).
The ego serves as a functioning extension of the id in that it applies to the ability and understanding of consequences. The ego allows a person to adjust to society by implementing common sense into the reality of life. Reasoning and problem- solving are a part of the ego as it tries to upgrade one from the simplicity or barbaric nature of the id. One cannot simply attain basic needs like pleasure and avoidance of pain without exerting some complex ideals that serve not only the needs of that person but of the ability to exist peacefully beyond simple desires (Bannister, D., 2009).
The superego serves as a balancing mechanism of both the id and ego. The super ego catapults the person into a realm of higher objectives such as morality and ethical thinking (Bannister, D., 2009). Freud concluded that the rights and wrongs we learned from our parents are subjugated deeply into our consciousness and the superego is used primarily to transport that knowledge into outwardly behavior.
The relationship between id, ego and superego is one that is quite complex. There is a unity among the three that seemingly helps the human being to be progressive despite himself, yet they all have a sort of conflicting nature that causes them to each rely on the aspects of the others to enhance our development.
References
Bannister, D. (2009). Freud's personality factors. Retrieved from
http://changingminds.org/explanations/personality/freud_personality.htm#per.
The id is the foundation of the beginning of development in personality. The basic needs of survival influence action and this can be seen from early infanthood. A child can only obtain his needs by showing signs of hunger or pain. The id reflects the belief of Freud that the main objective of human life is to ward off pain and to gain pleasure (Bannister, D., 2009).
The ego serves as a functioning extension of the id in that it applies to the ability and understanding of consequences. The ego allows a person to adjust to society by implementing common sense into the reality of life. Reasoning and problem- solving are a part of the ego as it tries to upgrade one from the simplicity or barbaric nature of the id. One cannot simply attain basic needs like pleasure and avoidance of pain without exerting some complex ideals that serve not only the needs of that person but of the ability to exist peacefully beyond simple desires (Bannister, D., 2009).
The superego serves as a balancing mechanism of both the id and ego. The super ego catapults the person into a realm of higher objectives such as morality and ethical thinking (Bannister, D., 2009). Freud concluded that the rights and wrongs we learned from our parents are subjugated deeply into our consciousness and the superego is used primarily to transport that knowledge into outwardly behavior.
The relationship between id, ego and superego is one that is quite complex. There is a unity among the three that seemingly helps the human being to be progressive despite himself, yet they all have a sort of conflicting nature that causes them to each rely on the aspects of the others to enhance our development.
References
Bannister, D. (2009). Freud's personality factors. Retrieved from
http://changingminds.org/explanations/personality/freud_personality.htm#per.
Determinants of Personality ©
Personality is a major aspect of human existence. So many factors can influence and shape one’s personality and those factors can seemingly become a fusion that determines the overall quality and character that a person possesses.
Genetics are a fascinating part of us both biologically and psychologically. So many aspects of a person fall into the deep pool of genetics including behavior, physical traits and characteristics of one’s personality (Wiley, 2007). Because genetics are unwavering and cannot be changed or determined by the recipient of the genetics, it poses an interesting role in how a personality is developed. A child’s disposition, tendency towards aggression and intelligence can be a result of genetics (Wiley, 2007).
Traits are unique qualifications of personality that we all obtain as human beings. These traits can be plentiful and harmoniously make each person different than the next. Traits can be inherited or even acquired through one’s environment by observing behavior. Agreeableness and neuroticism are some example of personality traits (Livesley, J., Jang, K., Vernon, P., 1998). While the acquisition of traits can be simple, the structure of them can be quite complex. Traits can be phenotypic or even genetically attained (Livesley, J., et al., 1998).
Sociocultural determinants can certainly have an effect on personality. We absorb the environment around us and that shapes and defines whom we develop into. Our social and culture aspects of life certainly delegate how we perceive ourselves and the world around us. Many particular cultures differ in belief systems and those cultural treasures affect the child that is raised among them.
Learning is perhaps one of the most impacting determinants of personality. We not only learn traditional knowledge but behaviors that are acceptable in society. This learning can easily intensify personality and create diversions in what should be expected. A child learns right from wrong when being disciplined over poor behavior or is rewarded for positive actions.
Existential-humanistic considerations revolves around the power that we have as thinking human beings and the free will that is devised from it. This can effect personality by enhancing one’s choices in their actions and behaviors. A person can weigh the consequences of an action and make a decision upon it with free will and understanding of the deliberation process that it elicits.
Unconscious mechanisms help determine personality because it deals with the cause of behavior. A person is impinged on by many events in their lives, both knowingly and unknowingly. A volatile childhood can shape one’s personality and cause them to be guarded with others and fearful because of the essential environment they arose from.
Cognitive processes can primarily be explained as the floating factors that make one’s abilities and knowledge put into action (Flower, L., Hayes, J., 1981). How one relays what they know to be and how they enforce that knowledge in their life shows the complexity of cognitive processes at work. How a person recognizes a threat or can read language and adapt that language as a tool are examples of cognitive processes that can shape personality. The more one thrives on this ability, the more robust and well defined their personality may become.
References
Flower, L., Hayes, J., Initials. (1981). A Cognitive process theory of writing. College
Composition and Communication, 32(4), Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/356600.
Livesley, J., Jang, K., Vernon, P. (1998). Phenotypic and genetic structure of
traits delineating personality disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(10), Retrieved from http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/10/941.
Wiley, J. (2007). The Evolutionary genetics of personality. Retrieved from
http://www.unm.edu/~gfmiller/newpapers_sept6/penke%202007%20targetarticle.pdf.
Genetics are a fascinating part of us both biologically and psychologically. So many aspects of a person fall into the deep pool of genetics including behavior, physical traits and characteristics of one’s personality (Wiley, 2007). Because genetics are unwavering and cannot be changed or determined by the recipient of the genetics, it poses an interesting role in how a personality is developed. A child’s disposition, tendency towards aggression and intelligence can be a result of genetics (Wiley, 2007).
Traits are unique qualifications of personality that we all obtain as human beings. These traits can be plentiful and harmoniously make each person different than the next. Traits can be inherited or even acquired through one’s environment by observing behavior. Agreeableness and neuroticism are some example of personality traits (Livesley, J., Jang, K., Vernon, P., 1998). While the acquisition of traits can be simple, the structure of them can be quite complex. Traits can be phenotypic or even genetically attained (Livesley, J., et al., 1998).
Sociocultural determinants can certainly have an effect on personality. We absorb the environment around us and that shapes and defines whom we develop into. Our social and culture aspects of life certainly delegate how we perceive ourselves and the world around us. Many particular cultures differ in belief systems and those cultural treasures affect the child that is raised among them.
Learning is perhaps one of the most impacting determinants of personality. We not only learn traditional knowledge but behaviors that are acceptable in society. This learning can easily intensify personality and create diversions in what should be expected. A child learns right from wrong when being disciplined over poor behavior or is rewarded for positive actions.
Existential-humanistic considerations revolves around the power that we have as thinking human beings and the free will that is devised from it. This can effect personality by enhancing one’s choices in their actions and behaviors. A person can weigh the consequences of an action and make a decision upon it with free will and understanding of the deliberation process that it elicits.
Unconscious mechanisms help determine personality because it deals with the cause of behavior. A person is impinged on by many events in their lives, both knowingly and unknowingly. A volatile childhood can shape one’s personality and cause them to be guarded with others and fearful because of the essential environment they arose from.
Cognitive processes can primarily be explained as the floating factors that make one’s abilities and knowledge put into action (Flower, L., Hayes, J., 1981). How one relays what they know to be and how they enforce that knowledge in their life shows the complexity of cognitive processes at work. How a person recognizes a threat or can read language and adapt that language as a tool are examples of cognitive processes that can shape personality. The more one thrives on this ability, the more robust and well defined their personality may become.
References
Flower, L., Hayes, J., Initials. (1981). A Cognitive process theory of writing. College
Composition and Communication, 32(4), Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/356600.
Livesley, J., Jang, K., Vernon, P. (1998). Phenotypic and genetic structure of
traits delineating personality disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(10), Retrieved from http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/10/941.
Wiley, J. (2007). The Evolutionary genetics of personality. Retrieved from
http://www.unm.edu/~gfmiller/newpapers_sept6/penke%202007%20targetarticle.pdf.
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