Criminal law is the crux of the American justice system. There are many facets within the workings of criminal law that are in place to secure the freedoms and rights of individuals while preventing and punishing crimes for the promotion of safety. Through deterrence, punishment, and retribution, criminal law imposes an imperfect yet impartial system of apprehension and advocation of civility.
Deterrence
One of the main focuses of criminal law is that of deterring crime. The criminal justice system must concentrate on discouraging crime because it is the most adequate way of ensuring the safety of citizens and having less criminal activity corrupting the coveted ideal of justice. This aspect of prevention relies heavily on two methods of deterrence. Specific deterrence deals directly with the offender and elicits sentencing and strict punishment that fits the crime and has the purpose of dissuading any further criminal acts from the apprehended individual. Corporal punishment and mandatory arrests have been put into practice to support specific deterrence (Keel, 2005). General determent, however, is based on preventing crimes from future offenders. Truth in sentencing, “three strikes” law, and revocation of parole are examples of general deterrence procedural law (Keel, 2005). General determent is strongly connected to specific determent, as it entails prevention of crime and utilizes punishment to directly inhibit or reduce the possibility of future crimes.
Punishment
The United States has a colorful and quite disturbing history of punishment. Retaliation was a key factor around 200 years ago and apprehended criminals were chastised severely, usually causing death of the criminal regardless of the seriousness of the crime (Schmalleger, 2009). More humane methods of punishment are now put into practice although there is rigorousness to the punishments imposed on criminal offenders. This proposes a unique balance of individual rights and sustained consequences for criminal activity. By ensuring harsh punishment of crimes, the justice system sends a message of low tolerance for certain behaviors. Society more readily welcomes the justice system employing just deserts that put forth a policy of punishing criminals justly for the crimes that are committed (Holroyd, 2010).
Retribution
The criminal justice system recognizes the strong need for retribution when convicting criminals. Society holds a firm grasp on the model of just deserts in which proposes a criminal is responsible for the crime that is committed (Schmalleger, 2009). Closely related to punishment, retribution is a component of criminal law that is highly recognized as important because citizens are more increasingly concerned with criminals paying for their crimes not just for the offense but also for the victimization that occurs as a result. Retribution has to do with the acting of revenge on a criminal as to embody the integrity of victims. Sentencing must not only deter crime or punish the criminal, but also give a sense of reprisal to victims and citizens. Incapacitation is a reality of retributive actions imposed by the court. A convicted offender may serve a lengthy prison term that can extend the normal life expectancy of a human being (Holroyd, 2010). Even more severe is the death sentence, which ensures the offender pays the ultimate price for his or her crime. Retribution is a difficult imposition as sentencing for more serious crimes including murder and rape cannot provide a fair justice for the victims involved. Despite ethical quandaries that are evident, retributive measures clearly adhere to the notion that the criminal justice system must devise a form of apprehension and punishment that provides sufficient retribution to society (Miller, 2009).
The criminal justice system consists of many aspects that are intricately woven into a strong barrier against crime. In order to enact the proper punishment of crimes, retribution must be a consideration no matter how slight. Overall, deterring crime is the central focus of criminal law, as prevention would clearly eradicate crime and any punishment or retribution that crime would most certainly produce.
References
Holroyd, J. (2010). Punishment and Justice. Social Theory and Practice, 36(1), 78-111.
Retrieved May 14, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID: 1964732971).
Keel, R. (2005). Rational choice and determent. Retrieved from
http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/200/ratchoc.html.
Miller, S. (2009). Retribution, Rehabilitation, and the Rights of Prisoners. Criminal
Justice Ethics, 28(2), 238-253. Retrieved May 14, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID: 1902630091).
Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal justice today: an introductory text for the 21st century
(tenth edition). Upper Saddle River, NY: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Monday, May 24, 2010
Thursday, April 15, 2010
The Negative Effects of Stereotyping - a Rhetorical Essay ©
Stereotypes are rampant in our culture and have been a dilapidating issue in our civilization for a long while. The use of stereotypes to judge another human being can cause serious detriment to the success and happiness of others. Understanding what stereotypes are and how they came about is important to eradicate the use of stereotypes and be able to assess a person’s worth based on their own individual traits. Some of the most common stereotypes are among politicians, tattooed persons, feminists, and senior citizens. I will uncover the stereotypes associated with these groups, how the stereotypes are used and why, and how stereotyping most definitely leaves a negative effect.
Stereotyped Groups
There is a vast majority of people that are stereotyped. When a stereotype is implemented, it groups individuals into a certain category (Moore, Parker, 2004). This poses a difficult standard because most people can fit into several categories based on different factors such as religion, race, sex, and personality traits among other features. When someone chooses to group people and give that group a description, they are opting to provoke “a thought or image about a group of people based on little or no evidence” (Moore, Parker, 2004, p. 130).
Political cues and stereotypes are key elements in the political spectrum that undoubtedly propel a certain gage in voter’s decisions (Johnston, 1981). Politicians have always had a general stereotype of being dishonest. The term “crooked politician” is a common one, and is seemingly used on a regular basis. Although there are mendacious politicians, it is unfair to ascertain that all or most of politicians have this characteristic. If a politician believes in a different ideal than a citizen, or if that politician simply belongs to the opposing political party, it is unfortunate that he or she may very well be coined as a dishonest politician. This is a form of mockery and slander. It is the more appropriate form of judgment to assess the unique traits and beliefs of that individual politician rather than putting them into a class of untrustworthy representatives by default.
Another stereotype falls into the lap of tattooed persons. Those with tattoos have a stereotype of being tough, scary, and delinquent. One study perpetuated results that children connect a strong negative assumption about tattoos (Durkin, Houghton, 2000). Similarly, in this study it was also purported that young people who initiate interest in getting tattoos are aware of the stigma of criminality attached to those with tattoos or body art (Durkin, Houghton, 2000). Many people who choose to cover their bodies with tattoos do so with a creative edge and it does not represent any delinquency per se. However, it is obvious that many criminals and gangs have tattoos as standards, and this realization seems to bleed into the mainstream population of those with tattoos. It is unfortunate that society deems those with tattoos as estranged wrongdoers as it certainly impinges on the ability to gain employment or be generally respected and greeted appropriately by others.
Feminists have long been looked upon as abrasive activists. Feminism started out this way in the 1960s in order to appease the needs of women and obtain rights. Some feminists have been extreme with their attitudes and choices of activism, but it does not necessarily represent the entire feminist population. Many feminists are not radicals but are mild heroines of women’s rights. Although some women have positive views of feminism as it related to fighting sexism and sexual oppression, only 12% of 200 college women in one particular study readily identified themselves in a feminist group (Roy, Weibust, Miller, 2007). This shows that feminism still has a negative connotation and most are scared to endorse feminism despite some of the positive aspects it entails.
One last stereotype that seems highly unfortunate is that of senior citizens. Most people have the view that elderly people are slow and dumb. This comes from some facts pertaining to old age that include deterioration of the mind and body. However, it is very clear that many senior citizens have active lifestyles and are healthy and happy. Furthermore, the aspect of this stereotype that is most regrettable is that unlike the other groups that were discussed such as politicians, feminists, and tattooed persons, being elderly is not a choice; everyone comes to that stage in life. Therefore, perhaps the stereotypes forced upon senior citizens are by far the most pertinent examples of a lack of philanthropy and signify how stereotypes are harmful, outrageous slanters that lack conviction and critical thinking.
The Truth Behind Stereotypes
Stereotypes were developed on assumptions without any evidence. However, most stereotypes come alive with part truths that permeate the surface. There are relevant facts that pertain to stereotypes that have been witnessed within a particular group. This is possibly the most crucial aspect of stereotyping. Because of this, most people engage in stereotypes without recourse because they believe that they are expressing truth. After all, some politicians are dishonest while some tattooed people are definitely unlawful. And most people can see that feminists are usually radicals while senior citizens are most surely slow and lack wit. However, it is not viable to put all individuals who share those labels into one group because there are most certainly many people that can be in those categories who invoke a ration of the unexpected. That is why truth should not be used as a scapegoat when applying stereotypes, because truth is whole and encompassing. Stereotypes clearly only deal with some and not the entire portion, therefore there is no truth to stereotypes.
The Effects of Stereotyping
The effects of stereotyping can be devastating. Stereotypes begin with a spark and end with a consuming fire. Hardly any person on this earth can escape the dagger of stereotypes. Many people may be fearful of showing aspects of themselves because of the stereotyping that may ensue. Persons whom are connected to a certain stereotyped group are looked upon in negative ways that promote tension and hatred. Children learn these stereotypes and apply them carelessly without any knowledge of how to correctly assess a person’s values. Consequently, an attempt to exterminate the use of stereotypes should be in place. Stereotyping can be taught in schools with exercises that show the negative impact that stereotypes inflict. People should actively train themselves to fend off stereotypical assumptions as to live more freely and accept others more willingly.
Application of Resistance to Stereotypes
I have personally learned that stereotypes are predominantly negative. Even those stereotypes that seemingly show positive attributes, such as the assumption that Asians are smart, are still damaging with their application. The underlying fact is that stereotypes cannot be utilized if progression is to take place. Stereotyping is clearly a fallacy in judgment, and fallacies are errors in thinking (Moore, Parker, 2004). It is a delicate subject to judge others, and if one decides to do so, they must take many aspects of that person into consideration. Even negative qualities of people are not reflections of their entire character, and those negative qualities may be shared with others in the group, but that does not constitute a general ideal of the group itself.
Stereotypes are common more often than not. They are unfortunate assumptions that lead to hardships and misjudgments. When a person is grouped into a category based on their candidacy for politics, their tattoos, their actions or beliefs toward women, or even their age, negative occurrences most definitely take place. One cannot flourish in society when they are burdened with fictitious allegations of who they are. This only perpetuates a lack of personal expression and a confusion of how one can safely present themselves. With techniques to battle the use of stereotypes, we can surely negate issues of stereotyping and allow a more positive and accepting society to abound.
References
Durkin, K., & Houghton, S. (2000). Children’s and adolescents’ stereotypes of tattooed
people as delinquent. British Psychological Society, 5(2), Retrieved from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpsoc/lcp/2000/00000005/00000002/art00002.
Johnston, P. (1981). Political views and the perception of candidates. American Politics
Research, 9(4), Retrieved from http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/4/427. DOI: 10.1177/1532673X8100900403.
Moore, B., & Parker, R. (2004). Critical thinking (seventh edition). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Companies.
Roy, R., Weibust, K., & Miller, C. (2007). Effects of stereotypes about feminists on
feminist self-identification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31. Retrieved from http://brownrecluse.uvm.edu/~psych/programs/graduate/gen_exp/social/papers/feminist_self-id.pdf. DOI: 0361-6843/07.
by Jeannette Villatoro
Stereotyped Groups
There is a vast majority of people that are stereotyped. When a stereotype is implemented, it groups individuals into a certain category (Moore, Parker, 2004). This poses a difficult standard because most people can fit into several categories based on different factors such as religion, race, sex, and personality traits among other features. When someone chooses to group people and give that group a description, they are opting to provoke “a thought or image about a group of people based on little or no evidence” (Moore, Parker, 2004, p. 130).
Political cues and stereotypes are key elements in the political spectrum that undoubtedly propel a certain gage in voter’s decisions (Johnston, 1981). Politicians have always had a general stereotype of being dishonest. The term “crooked politician” is a common one, and is seemingly used on a regular basis. Although there are mendacious politicians, it is unfair to ascertain that all or most of politicians have this characteristic. If a politician believes in a different ideal than a citizen, or if that politician simply belongs to the opposing political party, it is unfortunate that he or she may very well be coined as a dishonest politician. This is a form of mockery and slander. It is the more appropriate form of judgment to assess the unique traits and beliefs of that individual politician rather than putting them into a class of untrustworthy representatives by default.
Another stereotype falls into the lap of tattooed persons. Those with tattoos have a stereotype of being tough, scary, and delinquent. One study perpetuated results that children connect a strong negative assumption about tattoos (Durkin, Houghton, 2000). Similarly, in this study it was also purported that young people who initiate interest in getting tattoos are aware of the stigma of criminality attached to those with tattoos or body art (Durkin, Houghton, 2000). Many people who choose to cover their bodies with tattoos do so with a creative edge and it does not represent any delinquency per se. However, it is obvious that many criminals and gangs have tattoos as standards, and this realization seems to bleed into the mainstream population of those with tattoos. It is unfortunate that society deems those with tattoos as estranged wrongdoers as it certainly impinges on the ability to gain employment or be generally respected and greeted appropriately by others.
Feminists have long been looked upon as abrasive activists. Feminism started out this way in the 1960s in order to appease the needs of women and obtain rights. Some feminists have been extreme with their attitudes and choices of activism, but it does not necessarily represent the entire feminist population. Many feminists are not radicals but are mild heroines of women’s rights. Although some women have positive views of feminism as it related to fighting sexism and sexual oppression, only 12% of 200 college women in one particular study readily identified themselves in a feminist group (Roy, Weibust, Miller, 2007). This shows that feminism still has a negative connotation and most are scared to endorse feminism despite some of the positive aspects it entails.
One last stereotype that seems highly unfortunate is that of senior citizens. Most people have the view that elderly people are slow and dumb. This comes from some facts pertaining to old age that include deterioration of the mind and body. However, it is very clear that many senior citizens have active lifestyles and are healthy and happy. Furthermore, the aspect of this stereotype that is most regrettable is that unlike the other groups that were discussed such as politicians, feminists, and tattooed persons, being elderly is not a choice; everyone comes to that stage in life. Therefore, perhaps the stereotypes forced upon senior citizens are by far the most pertinent examples of a lack of philanthropy and signify how stereotypes are harmful, outrageous slanters that lack conviction and critical thinking.
The Truth Behind Stereotypes
Stereotypes were developed on assumptions without any evidence. However, most stereotypes come alive with part truths that permeate the surface. There are relevant facts that pertain to stereotypes that have been witnessed within a particular group. This is possibly the most crucial aspect of stereotyping. Because of this, most people engage in stereotypes without recourse because they believe that they are expressing truth. After all, some politicians are dishonest while some tattooed people are definitely unlawful. And most people can see that feminists are usually radicals while senior citizens are most surely slow and lack wit. However, it is not viable to put all individuals who share those labels into one group because there are most certainly many people that can be in those categories who invoke a ration of the unexpected. That is why truth should not be used as a scapegoat when applying stereotypes, because truth is whole and encompassing. Stereotypes clearly only deal with some and not the entire portion, therefore there is no truth to stereotypes.
The Effects of Stereotyping
The effects of stereotyping can be devastating. Stereotypes begin with a spark and end with a consuming fire. Hardly any person on this earth can escape the dagger of stereotypes. Many people may be fearful of showing aspects of themselves because of the stereotyping that may ensue. Persons whom are connected to a certain stereotyped group are looked upon in negative ways that promote tension and hatred. Children learn these stereotypes and apply them carelessly without any knowledge of how to correctly assess a person’s values. Consequently, an attempt to exterminate the use of stereotypes should be in place. Stereotyping can be taught in schools with exercises that show the negative impact that stereotypes inflict. People should actively train themselves to fend off stereotypical assumptions as to live more freely and accept others more willingly.
Application of Resistance to Stereotypes
I have personally learned that stereotypes are predominantly negative. Even those stereotypes that seemingly show positive attributes, such as the assumption that Asians are smart, are still damaging with their application. The underlying fact is that stereotypes cannot be utilized if progression is to take place. Stereotyping is clearly a fallacy in judgment, and fallacies are errors in thinking (Moore, Parker, 2004). It is a delicate subject to judge others, and if one decides to do so, they must take many aspects of that person into consideration. Even negative qualities of people are not reflections of their entire character, and those negative qualities may be shared with others in the group, but that does not constitute a general ideal of the group itself.
Stereotypes are common more often than not. They are unfortunate assumptions that lead to hardships and misjudgments. When a person is grouped into a category based on their candidacy for politics, their tattoos, their actions or beliefs toward women, or even their age, negative occurrences most definitely take place. One cannot flourish in society when they are burdened with fictitious allegations of who they are. This only perpetuates a lack of personal expression and a confusion of how one can safely present themselves. With techniques to battle the use of stereotypes, we can surely negate issues of stereotyping and allow a more positive and accepting society to abound.
References
Durkin, K., & Houghton, S. (2000). Children’s and adolescents’ stereotypes of tattooed
people as delinquent. British Psychological Society, 5(2), Retrieved from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpsoc/lcp/2000/00000005/00000002/art00002.
Johnston, P. (1981). Political views and the perception of candidates. American Politics
Research, 9(4), Retrieved from http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/4/427. DOI: 10.1177/1532673X8100900403.
Moore, B., & Parker, R. (2004). Critical thinking (seventh edition). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Companies.
Roy, R., Weibust, K., & Miller, C. (2007). Effects of stereotypes about feminists on
feminist self-identification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31. Retrieved from http://brownrecluse.uvm.edu/~psych/programs/graduate/gen_exp/social/papers/feminist_self-id.pdf. DOI: 0361-6843/07.
by Jeannette Villatoro
Wednesday, April 7, 2010
Tick Tock ©
I hear the subtle horns of the night's bregade.
The tick tock of the invisible clock.
Oh woe as me with a worrisome heart.
These fretful thoughts that do invade...
I leave the windows open to let in the breeze.
How it tumbles and toils with a menacing speed.
I hear breaking glass however so faint.
It's only my mind so destructive and quaint.
Why oh why must disaster be bred in this worrisome heart and restless head.
By Jeannette Villatoro ©
The tick tock of the invisible clock.
Oh woe as me with a worrisome heart.
These fretful thoughts that do invade...
I leave the windows open to let in the breeze.
How it tumbles and toils with a menacing speed.
I hear breaking glass however so faint.
It's only my mind so destructive and quaint.
Why oh why must disaster be bred in this worrisome heart and restless head.
By Jeannette Villatoro ©
Thursday, March 25, 2010
Narcissism in the Maladaptive World ©
Narcissism in the Maladaptive World
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Abnormal psychology is a realm of psychological study that dares to define maladaptive behavior and discover the causal effects of less than normal attributes in terms of human conduct. Abnormal psychology envelops many inflictions from depression to serious psychological disorders. Among these psychological abnormalities are personality disorders in which prove to be cumbersome for people in regards to adapting well with their environment. Narcissism is one such personality disorder that can be very dilapidating to an individual. This author will attempt to delve into the definition of narcissism, explore some of its causes and effects and how it relates to society, and measure the possibility of success in terms of psychological treatment for this disorder.
Narcissism Defined
It is imperative for people to positively interact in a social setting. Human beings require social interaction and crave compatibility with others. These are significant aspects of human nature that narcissism defies. Those diagnosed with narcissism lack the desire to interact and expects only acknowledgment of their own presence. Moreover, they deliberately concentrate on the importance and impact of their existence rather relying on constructive interface with other people. Therefore, narcissism is a staid disorder in which a huge deficit in social contexts and a concentration on self prevents healthy and successful living.
The word narcissism comes from a character in a tale by Ovid in which a proud, handsome son of a god and nymph named Narcissus rejects the love of another who then puts a spell on him that entices him to fall in love with his own reflection in a pond. Narcissus continually admires his reflection, but perils and dies because it is inaccessible (Straker, D., 2009).
Narcissism falls into the dominion of personality disorders that involve “dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior” (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002, p. 301). A person diagnosed with narcissist personality will portray many self-serving traits. This ostentatious person is focused mainly on their self, has little or no regard for others, and will easily cause harm to others without any thought. This person thrives on attention and believes they have elevated self-importance (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Common observation leads to a notion that those with narcissism have higher self-esteem, which in turn leads to aggression. “This theory is evidenced by nationalistic imperialism, master race ideologies, aristocratic dueling, playground bullies, and street gang rhetoric” (Bushman, B., Baumeister, R., 1998, p. 1).
Narcissism has been a fascinating issue in psychology since the history of time. Psychoanalytical upheaval of this disorder can indeed be traced back to earlier historical times, in which many psychologists and scientists worked tirelessly on narcissism. One of the most prominent psychologists that dared to elicit answers and define this disorder was Sigmund Freud. The attempt to grasp the disorder and its many complexities continue with psychology today.
According to current psychological consideration of this disorder, there are two types of narcissistic behavior that is categorized in psychological study. Primary narcissism is said to be the main type of narcissism in which develops in infanthood. Young babies must be self-focused in order to preserve and protect their life and gain attention from parents during the development of self (Straker, D., 2009) Secondary narcissism is evident in “older children and adults seek personal gratification over the achievement of social goals and conformance to social values” (Straker, D., 2009, p. 1).
With the extreme connotations of this disorder, and the adverse effects it has on individuals and society, narcissism infects many. However, even with its serious inference, it is also a commonality among most people. Human beings are born with a distinct of amount narcissism as a survival tool. Children have similar focus on their own well being as they grow and remain the center of attention in families. It is when an individual displays severe disregard for others and will deliberately impair the comfort of others in order to continue a self-serving motive that narcissim takes a form of dangerous proportions and can be identified as a personality dysfunction. The true challenge is to identify the line between normal self-functioning and the onset of narcissism as a personality disorder.
Narcissism is a dangerous affliction. Most personality disorders have the common factor of affecting the afflicted individual greatly. Ease of living and quality of life are highly troubled by personality disorders. A person’s way of handling problems and adversity are limited to a set way of thinking and behaving, which inhibits true success in life (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Narcissism is unique, however, due to its blatant affect on other people. One with narcissism causes trauma to others, deliberately manipulates or hurts another person to gain individual satisfaction, and can greatly cause turmoil to loved ones and family members. Because of these distinct factors of this personality disorder, narcissism is a serious burden with little hope of reversal and a dramatic implication on the rest of society.
Cause and Effect
The causes of narcissism are difficult at best to uncover in a general standpoint. It is evident that this disorder accumulates often in early adulthood (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Because each individual is different and life situations are fluctuated among each person, it is hard to discover any supposed caused of this disorder. Psychological differences are copious among each person as well. What psychology has proven coherently through study is that environmental and psychological influences are usually forces that work hand-in-hand. Therefore, trying to unearth specific attributes to a certain disorder can be trying at the least.
The psychobiology is thought to be a major cause of narcissism. How the brain functions in connection with behavior can lead to many narcissistic tendencies. A negative childhood or a childhood filled with excessive attention and indulgence hoisted upon the child are also said to have a major effect on this disorder. Abuse and neglect are also predisposed conditions that may lead to narcissism as well as many other disorders (Crown, S., Freeman, H., 1994).
The diagnosis of narcissism is quite easier to discern than causal instigations of the disorder. Symptoms of narcissism include lack of feeling for others, a willingness to take advantage of others, exaggerated belief in self-ability, a heightened sense of self-importance, focus on wealth and power, a demand for special attention without particular cause, and a stipulation of being admired by others (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Though many human beings have some minuscule specimens of these particular symptoms that can be manifested in everyday life, it is particularly of concern when these symptoms are extreme and are displayed in unison that narcissism is a possibility. With the observation of narcissistic symptoms, there are ways for psychologists to determine the severity of the disorder and the many factors that play a role in the overall magnitude of narcissism within an individual.
Narcissism is a grim disorder yet the idiom is used commonly when describing someone with a seemingly inflated ego. Although varying degrees of narcissism is possible, with some phases proving less severe than others, it is important to diagnose the disorder officially. This can be done lucratively using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) in psychology. This provides the possibility for a psychologist or clinician to diagnose certain disorders using a multiaxial assessment system (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). The Axis diagnostic model is the best tool for capturing and categorizing narcissism, which is compartmentalized as an Axis II disorder. Within this diagnostic instrument, psychologists can determine certain characteristics and models of behavior that calculate a true disorder.
Within the Axis model, there are separate categories of diagnosis that help define a disorder, its properties, and any other physical or mental contributions to the said disorder. Axis I will detect clinical disorders. If a clinical health diagnosis is absent, V71.09 will be placed within the first Axis (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Axis II is for mental retardation and personality disorders. Axis III will illustrate medical conditions, while Axis IV will represent psychosocial and environmental factors. Axis V will give a professional a synopsis and overall view of the complete disorder that a patient suffers from (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). If a patient came in to a psychologist’s office with several symptoms, the Axis would be used to connect all abnormalities and determine a diagnosis. For example, if the patient was found to have an episode of major depressive disorder and drug abuse, it would be concluded within Axis I. Narcissism would be in Axis II, and infection of the nose and throat with open wounds on abdomen would belong in Axis III. If the patient has been unemployed for several months, has a promiscuous lifestyle, and also has a poor relationship with siblings, this would fit in Axis IV. The final diagnosis would be exhibited in Axis V and would include a GAF score to establish the rigorous nature of the total disorder.
Self-aggrandizing behavior is common in society today and may even be accepted in some forms. We see narcissism in overly deserving financial choices that Americans make on an everyday basis, and we notice self-serving behaviors among individuals working to get ahead in life. Yet, it is a term used loosely to create an insult to someone with high self-esteem or general interest in his or her own well-being. Narcissism as a disorder runs much deeper than this, and the causes are among a great psychological struggle to uncover. The effects of narcissism, however, are much less difficult to penetrate and realize, as narcissism effects many and can lead to aggression and even violent behavior.
The connotation that low self-esteem causes aggressive behavior is well on its way to extinction. There is little proof to back that scenario, and furthermore, it is evident that those with aggressive propensities oftentimes display unusually amounts of high self-esteem or regard for one’s own self (Bushman, B., Baumeister, R., 1998). Once a person with narcissistic behavior feels that their self-esteem or self-efficacy is threatened, that person has a good chance of lashing out on others. Furthermore, the act of gaining satisfaction from hurting or manipulating others tends to branch new and dangerous territory for society. Narcissism is unlike many disorders because of the ability to effect others. Many psychological disorders cause harm, but usually the person distressed with the disorder is the one who is internally disturbed and tortured by the affliction.
Another seemingly consequential effect of narcissism is that the person with this disorder has less chance of rehabilitation as the disorder progresses. Regard for one’s self grows to immense proportions, and the importance of maintaining the heightened ego becomes a necessity. The deliberate burden that is pushed on others to uphold a narcissistic personality is quite bothersome. If a narcissist loses his or her viewed abilities and entitlement, danger may ensue involving violent behavior. The worse fear of a narcissist is that they become less significant in the world. Therefore, the narcissism grows continually and becomes a reality that is not easily shaken, regardless of substantial treatment measures that are applied.
In addition to the harm this disorder causes within society and one’s self, this disorder also affects the afflicted person in many other ways. Adjusting to society is nearly impossible as the disorder grows. A person with narcissism cannot communicate or fit in with others. Working or gaining meaningful relationships are tasks that are beyond capability for a narcissist (Crown, S., Freeman, H., 1994). The patient will fall into a small world created only of their own wills and desires that are nearly impossible to control, creating mass distention of the disorder. In an accurate and compelling description of narcissism and the trials of this disorder, one source explains the intent of a narcissist and the effects of the disorder, “narcissism is characterized by feelings of superiority over other people, and so simple disregard for the rights and feelings of others could result in higher aggression, even in the absence of threat. It is also plausible that narcissists perceive social life as a series of struggles for dominance, and so they may attack others regardless of direct threat, simply as a means of establishing themselves in a superior position by conquering or intimidating other individuals” (Bushman, B., Baumeister, R., 1998, p. 3).
Treatment and Successful Dissuading
Treating narcissism disorder entails much complexity. One who is living with the distorted reality of narcissism may have grown to obtain it throughout childhood with finally gaining momentum in early adulthood. Someone with this disorder may be very comfortable with his or her ideal ways of thinking and behaving, making successful finality of treatment almost impossible. There is very little hope that treatment will cure this disorder, as narcissism involves a strong sense of being and a guarded way of thinking. Nonetheless, treatment is available within the psychological spectrum. In order to treat someone for narcissism, the particular candidacies must be unearthed that seemingly may have caused narcissism within this individual. A malignant narcissist may defy any change in behavior and will especially disagree with any prognosis made by anther human being. If the narcissist has had success in life with the way they have lived, it may be even more difficult to pry them away from their way of behaving. It is a narrow path to walk in treating narcissism, but there are many techniques in which promote rays of minimal hope in decreasing this steadily dangerous personality disorder.
Despite a grandiose sense of self, and a likely chance to resist treatment, some narcissists are not necessarily happy with their condition and internally seek help to change. In these cases, treatment is possible and worthy of attempt. Another reason for a narcissist to seek treatment is if they feel that their reality has been threatened by accomplishments by others, and their self-image has been somewhat damaged. The desire would be to have their self-importance validated and restored. The most common treatment that is implemented with narcissism is through psychotherapy either individually or in a group setting. A narcissist may experience other symptoms that affect the disorder in which antidepressants and medications may be prescribed.
Narcissism is almost regarded as a mystery in psychology. This self-serving disorder inhibits truly successful functioning in society as well as being a major detriment to others. It has been studies throughout history and has yet to find a sustainable causal relationship with environmental or biological factors. The DSM-IV assessment tool can help to diagnose this disorder, as the symptoms are so prevalent that they are difficult to ignore. Treatment of this disorder is difficult to accomplish, however, and most people afflicted with a narcissist personality disorder continue the behavior and grow into more hardened cases. It is also very disconcerting to know that narcissism is not a psychological anomaly in that many human beings display some narcissistic behavior starting as early as childhood, with society being an acceptor of such behaviors.
With the grim realities of narcissism stimulating psychological studies in today’s world, it seems unlikely that there will be successful treatments and determents from this disorder. While defining and diagnosing narcissism is a task that is quite obtainable, it is overwhelmingly palpable that treatment is a perspective of this disorder that is complex. With the social implications of narcissism as well as the harm it causes, it is a crucial challenge to continue the discovery of this disorder. Psychology has been a focus of interest throughout history with the attempt of uncovering the human psyche and curing illnesses of the mind. It is a fascinating field of study with many new and exciting discoveries made regularly. Therefore, it is comprehensible that some day narcissism will be easier to understand, eventually encouraging obliteration.
References
Bushman, B, & Baumeister, R (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and
direct and displaced. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 75, 14-19. Crown, S., Freeman, H. (1994). The Book of Psychiatric Books. Lanham, MD: Jason
Aronson.
Sarason, I., Sarason, B. (2002) Abnormal Psychology: The problem of maladaptive
behavior (10th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Straker , David (2009). Narcissism. Retrieved May 24, 2009, from ChangingMinds.org
Web site: http://changingminds.org/disciplines/psychoanalysis/concepts/narcissism.htm.
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Abnormal psychology is a realm of psychological study that dares to define maladaptive behavior and discover the causal effects of less than normal attributes in terms of human conduct. Abnormal psychology envelops many inflictions from depression to serious psychological disorders. Among these psychological abnormalities are personality disorders in which prove to be cumbersome for people in regards to adapting well with their environment. Narcissism is one such personality disorder that can be very dilapidating to an individual. This author will attempt to delve into the definition of narcissism, explore some of its causes and effects and how it relates to society, and measure the possibility of success in terms of psychological treatment for this disorder.
Narcissism Defined
It is imperative for people to positively interact in a social setting. Human beings require social interaction and crave compatibility with others. These are significant aspects of human nature that narcissism defies. Those diagnosed with narcissism lack the desire to interact and expects only acknowledgment of their own presence. Moreover, they deliberately concentrate on the importance and impact of their existence rather relying on constructive interface with other people. Therefore, narcissism is a staid disorder in which a huge deficit in social contexts and a concentration on self prevents healthy and successful living.
The word narcissism comes from a character in a tale by Ovid in which a proud, handsome son of a god and nymph named Narcissus rejects the love of another who then puts a spell on him that entices him to fall in love with his own reflection in a pond. Narcissus continually admires his reflection, but perils and dies because it is inaccessible (Straker, D., 2009).
Narcissism falls into the dominion of personality disorders that involve “dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior” (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002, p. 301). A person diagnosed with narcissist personality will portray many self-serving traits. This ostentatious person is focused mainly on their self, has little or no regard for others, and will easily cause harm to others without any thought. This person thrives on attention and believes they have elevated self-importance (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Common observation leads to a notion that those with narcissism have higher self-esteem, which in turn leads to aggression. “This theory is evidenced by nationalistic imperialism, master race ideologies, aristocratic dueling, playground bullies, and street gang rhetoric” (Bushman, B., Baumeister, R., 1998, p. 1).
Narcissism has been a fascinating issue in psychology since the history of time. Psychoanalytical upheaval of this disorder can indeed be traced back to earlier historical times, in which many psychologists and scientists worked tirelessly on narcissism. One of the most prominent psychologists that dared to elicit answers and define this disorder was Sigmund Freud. The attempt to grasp the disorder and its many complexities continue with psychology today.
According to current psychological consideration of this disorder, there are two types of narcissistic behavior that is categorized in psychological study. Primary narcissism is said to be the main type of narcissism in which develops in infanthood. Young babies must be self-focused in order to preserve and protect their life and gain attention from parents during the development of self (Straker, D., 2009) Secondary narcissism is evident in “older children and adults seek personal gratification over the achievement of social goals and conformance to social values” (Straker, D., 2009, p. 1).
With the extreme connotations of this disorder, and the adverse effects it has on individuals and society, narcissism infects many. However, even with its serious inference, it is also a commonality among most people. Human beings are born with a distinct of amount narcissism as a survival tool. Children have similar focus on their own well being as they grow and remain the center of attention in families. It is when an individual displays severe disregard for others and will deliberately impair the comfort of others in order to continue a self-serving motive that narcissim takes a form of dangerous proportions and can be identified as a personality dysfunction. The true challenge is to identify the line between normal self-functioning and the onset of narcissism as a personality disorder.
Narcissism is a dangerous affliction. Most personality disorders have the common factor of affecting the afflicted individual greatly. Ease of living and quality of life are highly troubled by personality disorders. A person’s way of handling problems and adversity are limited to a set way of thinking and behaving, which inhibits true success in life (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Narcissism is unique, however, due to its blatant affect on other people. One with narcissism causes trauma to others, deliberately manipulates or hurts another person to gain individual satisfaction, and can greatly cause turmoil to loved ones and family members. Because of these distinct factors of this personality disorder, narcissism is a serious burden with little hope of reversal and a dramatic implication on the rest of society.
Cause and Effect
The causes of narcissism are difficult at best to uncover in a general standpoint. It is evident that this disorder accumulates often in early adulthood (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Because each individual is different and life situations are fluctuated among each person, it is hard to discover any supposed caused of this disorder. Psychological differences are copious among each person as well. What psychology has proven coherently through study is that environmental and psychological influences are usually forces that work hand-in-hand. Therefore, trying to unearth specific attributes to a certain disorder can be trying at the least.
The psychobiology is thought to be a major cause of narcissism. How the brain functions in connection with behavior can lead to many narcissistic tendencies. A negative childhood or a childhood filled with excessive attention and indulgence hoisted upon the child are also said to have a major effect on this disorder. Abuse and neglect are also predisposed conditions that may lead to narcissism as well as many other disorders (Crown, S., Freeman, H., 1994).
The diagnosis of narcissism is quite easier to discern than causal instigations of the disorder. Symptoms of narcissism include lack of feeling for others, a willingness to take advantage of others, exaggerated belief in self-ability, a heightened sense of self-importance, focus on wealth and power, a demand for special attention without particular cause, and a stipulation of being admired by others (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Though many human beings have some minuscule specimens of these particular symptoms that can be manifested in everyday life, it is particularly of concern when these symptoms are extreme and are displayed in unison that narcissism is a possibility. With the observation of narcissistic symptoms, there are ways for psychologists to determine the severity of the disorder and the many factors that play a role in the overall magnitude of narcissism within an individual.
Narcissism is a grim disorder yet the idiom is used commonly when describing someone with a seemingly inflated ego. Although varying degrees of narcissism is possible, with some phases proving less severe than others, it is important to diagnose the disorder officially. This can be done lucratively using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) in psychology. This provides the possibility for a psychologist or clinician to diagnose certain disorders using a multiaxial assessment system (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). The Axis diagnostic model is the best tool for capturing and categorizing narcissism, which is compartmentalized as an Axis II disorder. Within this diagnostic instrument, psychologists can determine certain characteristics and models of behavior that calculate a true disorder.
Within the Axis model, there are separate categories of diagnosis that help define a disorder, its properties, and any other physical or mental contributions to the said disorder. Axis I will detect clinical disorders. If a clinical health diagnosis is absent, V71.09 will be placed within the first Axis (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). Axis II is for mental retardation and personality disorders. Axis III will illustrate medical conditions, while Axis IV will represent psychosocial and environmental factors. Axis V will give a professional a synopsis and overall view of the complete disorder that a patient suffers from (Sarason, I., Sarason, B., 2002). If a patient came in to a psychologist’s office with several symptoms, the Axis would be used to connect all abnormalities and determine a diagnosis. For example, if the patient was found to have an episode of major depressive disorder and drug abuse, it would be concluded within Axis I. Narcissism would be in Axis II, and infection of the nose and throat with open wounds on abdomen would belong in Axis III. If the patient has been unemployed for several months, has a promiscuous lifestyle, and also has a poor relationship with siblings, this would fit in Axis IV. The final diagnosis would be exhibited in Axis V and would include a GAF score to establish the rigorous nature of the total disorder.
Self-aggrandizing behavior is common in society today and may even be accepted in some forms. We see narcissism in overly deserving financial choices that Americans make on an everyday basis, and we notice self-serving behaviors among individuals working to get ahead in life. Yet, it is a term used loosely to create an insult to someone with high self-esteem or general interest in his or her own well-being. Narcissism as a disorder runs much deeper than this, and the causes are among a great psychological struggle to uncover. The effects of narcissism, however, are much less difficult to penetrate and realize, as narcissism effects many and can lead to aggression and even violent behavior.
The connotation that low self-esteem causes aggressive behavior is well on its way to extinction. There is little proof to back that scenario, and furthermore, it is evident that those with aggressive propensities oftentimes display unusually amounts of high self-esteem or regard for one’s own self (Bushman, B., Baumeister, R., 1998). Once a person with narcissistic behavior feels that their self-esteem or self-efficacy is threatened, that person has a good chance of lashing out on others. Furthermore, the act of gaining satisfaction from hurting or manipulating others tends to branch new and dangerous territory for society. Narcissism is unlike many disorders because of the ability to effect others. Many psychological disorders cause harm, but usually the person distressed with the disorder is the one who is internally disturbed and tortured by the affliction.
Another seemingly consequential effect of narcissism is that the person with this disorder has less chance of rehabilitation as the disorder progresses. Regard for one’s self grows to immense proportions, and the importance of maintaining the heightened ego becomes a necessity. The deliberate burden that is pushed on others to uphold a narcissistic personality is quite bothersome. If a narcissist loses his or her viewed abilities and entitlement, danger may ensue involving violent behavior. The worse fear of a narcissist is that they become less significant in the world. Therefore, the narcissism grows continually and becomes a reality that is not easily shaken, regardless of substantial treatment measures that are applied.
In addition to the harm this disorder causes within society and one’s self, this disorder also affects the afflicted person in many other ways. Adjusting to society is nearly impossible as the disorder grows. A person with narcissism cannot communicate or fit in with others. Working or gaining meaningful relationships are tasks that are beyond capability for a narcissist (Crown, S., Freeman, H., 1994). The patient will fall into a small world created only of their own wills and desires that are nearly impossible to control, creating mass distention of the disorder. In an accurate and compelling description of narcissism and the trials of this disorder, one source explains the intent of a narcissist and the effects of the disorder, “narcissism is characterized by feelings of superiority over other people, and so simple disregard for the rights and feelings of others could result in higher aggression, even in the absence of threat. It is also plausible that narcissists perceive social life as a series of struggles for dominance, and so they may attack others regardless of direct threat, simply as a means of establishing themselves in a superior position by conquering or intimidating other individuals” (Bushman, B., Baumeister, R., 1998, p. 3).
Treatment and Successful Dissuading
Treating narcissism disorder entails much complexity. One who is living with the distorted reality of narcissism may have grown to obtain it throughout childhood with finally gaining momentum in early adulthood. Someone with this disorder may be very comfortable with his or her ideal ways of thinking and behaving, making successful finality of treatment almost impossible. There is very little hope that treatment will cure this disorder, as narcissism involves a strong sense of being and a guarded way of thinking. Nonetheless, treatment is available within the psychological spectrum. In order to treat someone for narcissism, the particular candidacies must be unearthed that seemingly may have caused narcissism within this individual. A malignant narcissist may defy any change in behavior and will especially disagree with any prognosis made by anther human being. If the narcissist has had success in life with the way they have lived, it may be even more difficult to pry them away from their way of behaving. It is a narrow path to walk in treating narcissism, but there are many techniques in which promote rays of minimal hope in decreasing this steadily dangerous personality disorder.
Despite a grandiose sense of self, and a likely chance to resist treatment, some narcissists are not necessarily happy with their condition and internally seek help to change. In these cases, treatment is possible and worthy of attempt. Another reason for a narcissist to seek treatment is if they feel that their reality has been threatened by accomplishments by others, and their self-image has been somewhat damaged. The desire would be to have their self-importance validated and restored. The most common treatment that is implemented with narcissism is through psychotherapy either individually or in a group setting. A narcissist may experience other symptoms that affect the disorder in which antidepressants and medications may be prescribed.
Narcissism is almost regarded as a mystery in psychology. This self-serving disorder inhibits truly successful functioning in society as well as being a major detriment to others. It has been studies throughout history and has yet to find a sustainable causal relationship with environmental or biological factors. The DSM-IV assessment tool can help to diagnose this disorder, as the symptoms are so prevalent that they are difficult to ignore. Treatment of this disorder is difficult to accomplish, however, and most people afflicted with a narcissist personality disorder continue the behavior and grow into more hardened cases. It is also very disconcerting to know that narcissism is not a psychological anomaly in that many human beings display some narcissistic behavior starting as early as childhood, with society being an acceptor of such behaviors.
With the grim realities of narcissism stimulating psychological studies in today’s world, it seems unlikely that there will be successful treatments and determents from this disorder. While defining and diagnosing narcissism is a task that is quite obtainable, it is overwhelmingly palpable that treatment is a perspective of this disorder that is complex. With the social implications of narcissism as well as the harm it causes, it is a crucial challenge to continue the discovery of this disorder. Psychology has been a focus of interest throughout history with the attempt of uncovering the human psyche and curing illnesses of the mind. It is a fascinating field of study with many new and exciting discoveries made regularly. Therefore, it is comprehensible that some day narcissism will be easier to understand, eventually encouraging obliteration.
References
Bushman, B, & Baumeister, R (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and
direct and displaced. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 75, 14-19. Crown, S., Freeman, H. (1994). The Book of Psychiatric Books. Lanham, MD: Jason
Aronson.
Sarason, I., Sarason, B. (2002) Abnormal Psychology: The problem of maladaptive
behavior (10th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Straker , David (2009). Narcissism. Retrieved May 24, 2009, from ChangingMinds.org
Web site: http://changingminds.org/disciplines/psychoanalysis/concepts/narcissism.htm.
Qualitatitive Paradigm ©
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
At the heart of all research is the question: what data is appropriate? I personally lean to the side of qualitative data because I am a hands-on type of person that seems to look at the whole picture and try to connect clues in that way. I am not a numbers kind of gal, so the qualitative approach peaks my interest. Qualitative data is a great tool to use in research. A researcher must ascertain if qualitative data is appropriate for not only the subject matter, but also the experiment. Since numbers aren’t the star player in this kind of research, there must be verifiable aspects that are bright and obvious to the phenomenon at hand.
Qualitative research is unique in the field. It is a way for the experimenter to jump in and observe and study something in its entirety rather than narrowing it down to certain aspects of its credentials (Davis, Smith, 2009). Usually this approach is valued with the overall picture in a holistic view, and the researcher determines the results after jumping in full force in the natural setting (Davis, Smith, 2009). Details are built rather than destructed to prove the matters of the research.
So, it may be feasible to wonder how research is conducted in a respected and verifiable manner in a field that seems to favor scientific readiness and surety with calculations. Confirmability is one of the most fundamentally significant factors involved in data analysis, especially when it has to do with qualitative data. The recorder, or experimenter that reports the findings, is at the heart of this project and the confirmability of it (Davis, Smith, 2009). There must not be any cause for bias to seep into the realm of the study or the data that is recorded. Accuracy is a must with unbiased and confirmable findings. The best way to ensure this is to have other researchers work on a report to compare what was interpreted. Another method is for the researcher to “indicate the procedures they used” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 51) so that anyone observing the data can check the findings and how they were brought about. And finally, coding can be used to make certain that the findings and the process of reaching them are understood. This involves “labeling and categorizing the phenomena being studied” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 55) as well as using distinct coding techniques to discover gaps between certain areas and by telling the story of the findings.
Because the researcher is using qualitative date, he or she must be aware of the possible scrutiny that may come from the final result. There may not be data calculations or sums to prove what was sought and collected, therefore these measures of confirmability, making sure that bias is never involved in addition to coding the data must be used to keep the nature of qualitative research alive and well and deemed as reliable as quantitative research.
References
Davis, S. F., & Smith, R. A. (2009). The Psychologist as Detective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
At the heart of all research is the question: what data is appropriate? I personally lean to the side of qualitative data because I am a hands-on type of person that seems to look at the whole picture and try to connect clues in that way. I am not a numbers kind of gal, so the qualitative approach peaks my interest. Qualitative data is a great tool to use in research. A researcher must ascertain if qualitative data is appropriate for not only the subject matter, but also the experiment. Since numbers aren’t the star player in this kind of research, there must be verifiable aspects that are bright and obvious to the phenomenon at hand.
Qualitative research is unique in the field. It is a way for the experimenter to jump in and observe and study something in its entirety rather than narrowing it down to certain aspects of its credentials (Davis, Smith, 2009). Usually this approach is valued with the overall picture in a holistic view, and the researcher determines the results after jumping in full force in the natural setting (Davis, Smith, 2009). Details are built rather than destructed to prove the matters of the research.
So, it may be feasible to wonder how research is conducted in a respected and verifiable manner in a field that seems to favor scientific readiness and surety with calculations. Confirmability is one of the most fundamentally significant factors involved in data analysis, especially when it has to do with qualitative data. The recorder, or experimenter that reports the findings, is at the heart of this project and the confirmability of it (Davis, Smith, 2009). There must not be any cause for bias to seep into the realm of the study or the data that is recorded. Accuracy is a must with unbiased and confirmable findings. The best way to ensure this is to have other researchers work on a report to compare what was interpreted. Another method is for the researcher to “indicate the procedures they used” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 51) so that anyone observing the data can check the findings and how they were brought about. And finally, coding can be used to make certain that the findings and the process of reaching them are understood. This involves “labeling and categorizing the phenomena being studied” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 55) as well as using distinct coding techniques to discover gaps between certain areas and by telling the story of the findings.
Because the researcher is using qualitative date, he or she must be aware of the possible scrutiny that may come from the final result. There may not be data calculations or sums to prove what was sought and collected, therefore these measures of confirmability, making sure that bias is never involved in addition to coding the data must be used to keep the nature of qualitative research alive and well and deemed as reliable as quantitative research.
References
Davis, S. F., & Smith, R. A. (2009). The Psychologist as Detective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Quantitative Model ©
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Quantitative data is quite different from qualitative in that it deals with recorded data of numerical value. The non-experimental methods that are used are plenty and represent the statistical data that can be gathered by using quantitative research.
Surveys, questionnaires, tests, and inventories are used in quantitative research. These are used to gather opinions on an issue that is being studied and proves to be a viable method rather the surveys or forms of questionnaires are analytical or descriptive (Davis, Smith, 2009). This is common for companies wanting to illicit responses to recent campaigns or for running congressmen to ask average citizens how and why they vote. Some problems that can occur using these methods are that people cannot be truthful or may be vague on such surveys, and also the questions can be misinterpreted. And other problem arises when surveys are mailed out and participants do not respond (Davis, Smith, 2009). This method can be useful but may be most successful when combined with another research method.
Descriptive methods are also a part of the non-experimental realm of research. This can include archival and previously recorded sources of data in which a researcher answers a question about the problem at hand by researching data that was recorded by other parties for other purposes (Davis, Smith, 2009). Archival sources are available online to the public or through printed journals or published articles and there can be interesting facts obtained to substantiate a current research project or dilemma (Davis, Smith, 2009). Someone utilizing this way of research may be looking for gender differences in economic status through the census data of a certain city. A researcher should be careful with this method as an only source because the way the data was collected, whether or not there was bias and how the findings occurred cannot be necessarily verified.
One last part of this non-experimental area of learning is ex post facto studies in which variables that happened during an experiment are studied after the experiment is completed (Davis, Smith, 2009). This has to do with independent variables that we either could not manipulate during an experiment or didn’t recognize. We learned how variables could creep in and ruin or compromise a seemingly airtight research experiment, but ex post facto studies help to examine those variables and any possible effects they may have rendered on the research and the collected data. A researcher might examine the type of workplace or the sex of the participants as possible variables in an ex post facto study (Davis, Smith, 2009). Careful approach must be taken when this is done because “drawing conclusions” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 69) can easily become a problem after analyzing a completed experiment.
References
Davis, S. F., & Smith, R. A. (2009). The Psychologist as Detective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Quantitative data is quite different from qualitative in that it deals with recorded data of numerical value. The non-experimental methods that are used are plenty and represent the statistical data that can be gathered by using quantitative research.
Surveys, questionnaires, tests, and inventories are used in quantitative research. These are used to gather opinions on an issue that is being studied and proves to be a viable method rather the surveys or forms of questionnaires are analytical or descriptive (Davis, Smith, 2009). This is common for companies wanting to illicit responses to recent campaigns or for running congressmen to ask average citizens how and why they vote. Some problems that can occur using these methods are that people cannot be truthful or may be vague on such surveys, and also the questions can be misinterpreted. And other problem arises when surveys are mailed out and participants do not respond (Davis, Smith, 2009). This method can be useful but may be most successful when combined with another research method.
Descriptive methods are also a part of the non-experimental realm of research. This can include archival and previously recorded sources of data in which a researcher answers a question about the problem at hand by researching data that was recorded by other parties for other purposes (Davis, Smith, 2009). Archival sources are available online to the public or through printed journals or published articles and there can be interesting facts obtained to substantiate a current research project or dilemma (Davis, Smith, 2009). Someone utilizing this way of research may be looking for gender differences in economic status through the census data of a certain city. A researcher should be careful with this method as an only source because the way the data was collected, whether or not there was bias and how the findings occurred cannot be necessarily verified.
One last part of this non-experimental area of learning is ex post facto studies in which variables that happened during an experiment are studied after the experiment is completed (Davis, Smith, 2009). This has to do with independent variables that we either could not manipulate during an experiment or didn’t recognize. We learned how variables could creep in and ruin or compromise a seemingly airtight research experiment, but ex post facto studies help to examine those variables and any possible effects they may have rendered on the research and the collected data. A researcher might examine the type of workplace or the sex of the participants as possible variables in an ex post facto study (Davis, Smith, 2009). Careful approach must be taken when this is done because “drawing conclusions” (Davis, Smith, 2009, p. 69) can easily become a problem after analyzing a completed experiment.
References
Davis, S. F., & Smith, R. A. (2009). The Psychologist as Detective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Monday, March 15, 2010
Interpersonal Relationships and Communication ©
JEANNETTE VILLATORO
Because we are profoundly communicative beings, perhaps one of the most impacting aspects of human life is interpersonal communication. The abounding interpersonal relationships we have with others not only define who we are but also reflect the perception that others have of us. Furthermore, how we communicate with those we hold relationships with affects the happiness and success we experience in life. Despite communication being a universal concept among all human beings, there is a conundrum of misconceptions about interpersonal communication. Having a strong self-perception and knowing the principles of interpersonal interaction is essential to communicating effectively. In addition, it is imperative to understand how to manage conflicts and be able to develop and apply emotional intelligence to interpersonal communication so that one’s self-concept and ability to communicate in a powerful manner will flourish.
Principles and Misconceptions
Interpersonal communication is fundamental necessity for a healthy life. We prosper from our relations with others and we consistently depend on our ways of relating and communicating to assure us of our place in this world. As stated by Dr. Ramesh Rao, “We thrive when we communicate well, and we starve ourselves of companionship, camaraderie and community when we fail to communicate effectively” (Rao, R., 2010, p. 1). Despite this generous conception of communication, it is evident that most of us lack knowledge of the basic principles of interpersonal communication and therefore take communication for granted. Conversely, interpersonal communication is in essence a simple notion. According to Hybel and Weaver II, “interpersonal communication is one person interacting with another on a one-to-one basis, often in an informal, unstructured setting” (Hybel, Weaver II, 2007, p. 7).
Interpersonal communication is derived from the close relationships we have in our life of our choosing. Yet, we have interface with people on many levels in our life, ranging from personal to professional. Interpersonal relationships constantly change and shift and can derive from formal settings. Relationships can vary from friendships, family members, lovers, acquaintances, professional and even adversaries. Life welcomes and encompasses most relationships in each of these categories. Therefore, it is important to understand how interpersonal communication propels us into successful encounters with other people and additionally enables us to have a better self-actualization.
Before the art of communication can be analyzed, one must clearly know and understand one’s self. This is so strongly connected to communication because our self-perception is vital to our well-being and how we portray ourselves to others. This will be the starting point of how others view us along with our communication style.
According to Dr. Khaleel Isa, there are four components to self that must be evaluated (Isa, 2007). The “known self” is the part of us we willingly incorporate in every day life and show to others. The “blind self” is the aspect of one’s self that others see clearly but that we are unaware. The “hidden self” is the part of us that we know of but do not share with others. Lastly, the “emotional self” is the part of us that “motivates us to be who we are” and is the part of us in which our “pathogenic belief system” lives (Isa, 2007, p. 2). Understanding these crucial constituents of the self will open the doorway to self-perception and communication rituals that will represent how we see our self and how we desire others to perceive us.
After uncovering our self-perception, an important factor of communication to be learned is knowing what defines communication and the many ways communication is expressed. Communication entails many factors and encompasses all that we are as communicative beings. We communicate through speech, facial expressions, affliction and tone of voice, body language, and even through the written word (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). We must be sentient to these various ways of communicating in addition to being able to maintain a consistency with all of these components. If we are praising someone, we should be able to use our language in addition to positive facial expressions and appropriate tone of voice. Similarly, if we are denigrating a person or their actions, we must make sure we are expressing this with all aspects of communication above and beyond our usage of words. Having an unswerving manner of communicating that represents a clear initiative will certainly propel a person forward with the ability to effectively communicate.
The principles of interpersonal communication are simple and central to effective communicating. The first vital principle is knowing that communication is not avertable. We must communicate and we thrive upon it. As stated by Donnell King, “we can't not communicate. The very attempt not to communicate communicates something” (King, 2000, p. 1). Knowing this principle of communication will surely give us the knowledge of how important it is to master the skills of effective communicating within interpersonal relationships. Additionally, communication is irreversible (King, 2007). You cannot undo what is said or done and the effect will always remain. Consciously applying this knowledge before communicating will perpetuate proper efforts to communicate reasonably. Furthermore, communication is complicated despite its universal appeal and simplistic concepts. According to King, “we don't actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas” (King, 2007, p. 2). This makes it even more ideal to be stern with our choices when interacting with others. Words and meanings can be misunderstood and misinterpreted, and this can lead to ramifications that are unseen as well as unintentional damage to interpersonal relationships. Lastly, one must understand that “interpersonal communication is contextual” (King, 2007, p. 2). There are psychological, cultural, emotional and environmental circumstances that will certainly affect the way communication is given and received. Having a strong handle on these varying corollaries will result in a hyper awareness of extraneous factors that can either inhibit or promote successful progression of interpersonal relationships through meaningful communication.
The misconceptions of interpersonal communication are plentiful. Because each individual is unique, it is easy to misunderstand others and in turn, misunderstand the communicating process. Furthermore, because we communicate on a consistent basis, most of us have the misconception that communication is an innate ability that does not necessarily have to be fine-tuned. One of the most common misconceptions of interpersonal communication is that the skill to communicate applies to everyone in every situation.
Every relationship one has with another person will differentiate from any other. Each person is unique with a variety of characteristics that may disparage or compliment our own. Hence, we must be able to apply the appropriate attitude and technique for the individual that we communicate with. Some of the most difficult personality types to deal with are defensive and combative personalities. People who are defensive are sensitive to judgment and criticism. It is necessary have a gentle approach when communication with people who are easily offended. Those who are combative may easily argue or try to cause conflict. People in this category need careful handling as well. One should remain positive with this kind of person and try to elicit understanding and a consensus with factual stability.
It can be challenging to assess each individual and how to correctly approach communication when there are so many factors involved. With the proper effort and evaluation, one can identify personality traits of an individual and build positive communication around those aspects. This not only develops proper interpersonal relationships, but also broadens the skills necessary to effectively communicate and represent oneself in a positive manner.
Managing Conflict
Even with the most developed communication skills and an understanding of the principles of interpersonal communication, conflict can abound. Conflict typically arises from a differentiation in opinions and from misunderstandings. We cannot control or prevent conflict from occurring, but we can certainly mold our communication to accept and react to conflict appropriately. Solving conflicts within interpersonal relationships, if done effectively and with care, can most definitely enhance the relationship and promote a better understanding between the people involved.
Through an extensive study, it was determined that there are diverse styles of organizational conflict that people use to communicate that can either magnify or negate conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). If a person utilizes the dominating style in which is perceived by others as usually inappropriate, conflict can more readily ensue. Participants in the study also perceived using the avoiding style of organizational conflict as inappropriate and this style would perpetuate a general misunderstanding between the conflicting parties. It appears that the obliging style, considered to be more neutral, would be the most effective means of simmering a conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). This style consists of listening, understanding and empathizing with the other party, and gently expressing one’s one position. These are all aspects of effective communicating and perpetuate a strong foundation in interpersonal relationships.
Some of the accompanying skills that should go along with the proper organizational conflict style can aid in abating conflict and increase proper listening in skillful discussion. One of the main qualities would be to stop listening to others as well as yourself. Learning how to still the voice within is a great contribution to active listening. In a conflict, it is common for someone to construct an argument in their mind before it is their turn to speak (Stewart, J., 2006). Empathy is a useful tool in conflict management although it may seem foreign to the subject at hand. Being able to insert oneself in the other person’s shoes and to imagine what it would be like to have their values, beliefs, point of view, and the same problems will aid in empathizing in a genuine fashion (Stewart, J., 2006). Inquiry is also an important step in conflict reduction. Being able to show the other person that you are truly interested in how they arrived to their view will clear the path for honorable disagreement and understanding instead of empty victories and meaningless debate.
There are simple procedures that can be used in order to negate conflict. One of the first steps in conflict management is to reduce anger and make a genuine resolution to stopping the conflict from getting worse (Elkind, 2007). Identifying the motives of each party and understanding what each person wants is another step into the right direction. To generate a smooth transition into a resolution, one should think of positive options and choose one that best favors each person involved (Elkind, 2007). Employing these unique management techniques in addition to acquiring and understanding one’s organizational conflict style will promote better conflict resolution. Conflict is to be expected and does not necessarily symbolize negativity. Conflict can bring two individuals to a closer understanding of one another and develop trust in the relationship that each person can respectfully solve issues when they arise. Therefore, understanding the science of conflict and how to manage it effectively may very well contribute to more positive interpersonal relationships.
Emotional Intelligence
According to Hybels and Weaver II, “emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and get along with others” (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007, p. 236). Despite the simplistic depiction, emotional intelligence is quite complex in nature. Emotional intelligence is something that is learned and must be nurtured. Understanding one’s self, the emotions that one has, how others affect one’s behavior, and how one should react to uncontrollable situations are all relative to emotional intelligence and highly influence the interpersonal relationships that are encountered. Emotional intelligence is arguably just as vital as intellectualness. In fact, studies have shown that those with a high emotional intelligence are generally more successful in life in personal and work-related endeavors (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007).
There are some essential elements of emotional intelligence that should be addressed. These elements are identification, assessment, and expression of emotions. Controlling one’s emotions is no easy feat, especially during stressful or controversial situations. Because conflict can arise at any time, even without being provoked, emotions can be overwhelming. Identifying what the causes of emotions are and what triggers these emotions will enable one to control them. Assessing the emotions before expression is a key component to emotional intelligence. By first recognizing emotions and then understanding why the emotions occurred, one can determine whether or not the emotions are justifiable for the situation at hand. Emotions can be influenced by how one was raised, stress, or any other critical factors that easily affect one’s quality of life (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). Therefore, it is safe to say that it is not always appropriate to express the emotions that are arising. The concluding element of emotional intelligence would be expression. After assessing the emotions that arose instead of expressing them the instant they occur, it is much easier to filter these emotions for expression. Similarly, with the ability to understand one’s own emotions, one can more easily recognize and react to other people’s emotional responses. These elements of emotional intelligence relate directly with interpersonal relationships and the way we choose to communicate and express our emotions. In fact, emotional expressiveness is the most imperative unit of measure in terms of effective communication.
Having a unique ability to empathize with others and to understand one’s self are key ingredients to successful communication. Lack of self-perception is a major inhibitor of emotional intelligence and prevents a readiness to communicate with an open mind. Developing one’s emotional intelligence is the root of proper communication and the bridge to thriving and cohesive interpersonal relationships.
Before anyone can truly benefit from and appreciate interpersonal relationships, one must have a strong sense of self. This begins the process of effective communication with others through an honest representation of motives and desires. Relationships prosper when reciprocation is equal and both parties have a respect for each other’s positions. Endorsing high emotional intelligence allows for conflict to be handled properly and communication to be well received. There is no escaping communication or it’s impact on the life of every human being. Therefore, each and every person should strive to master all of the key modules of communication skills. Overall, interpersonal communication not only aids the blossoming of personal emotional health and effectiveness, but it is also a vital component to human life.
References
Elkind, S. (2007). How to resolve conflicts without fighting. Retrieved from
http://www.goodcharacter.com/YCC/ResolvingConflicts.
Hybels, S., & Weaver II, R. (2007). Communicating effectively (eighth edition). New
York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Isa, K. (2007). Training program on communication skills. Retrieved from http://www.passia.org/seminars/2003/Communication-Khaleel-Isa.htm.
King, D. (2000). Four principles of interpersonal communication. Retrieved from http://www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/dking/interpr.htm.
Michael A Gross, & Laura K Guerrero. (2000). Managing conflict appropriately and effectively: An application of the competence model to Rahim's organizational conflict styles. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11(3), 200-226. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 66815935).
Rao, Ramesh. (2010). Communication studies. Retrieved from
http://www.longwood.edu/commstudiestheatre/communicationstudies.htm.
Stewart, J. (2006). Bridges not walls. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Because we are profoundly communicative beings, perhaps one of the most impacting aspects of human life is interpersonal communication. The abounding interpersonal relationships we have with others not only define who we are but also reflect the perception that others have of us. Furthermore, how we communicate with those we hold relationships with affects the happiness and success we experience in life. Despite communication being a universal concept among all human beings, there is a conundrum of misconceptions about interpersonal communication. Having a strong self-perception and knowing the principles of interpersonal interaction is essential to communicating effectively. In addition, it is imperative to understand how to manage conflicts and be able to develop and apply emotional intelligence to interpersonal communication so that one’s self-concept and ability to communicate in a powerful manner will flourish.
Principles and Misconceptions
Interpersonal communication is fundamental necessity for a healthy life. We prosper from our relations with others and we consistently depend on our ways of relating and communicating to assure us of our place in this world. As stated by Dr. Ramesh Rao, “We thrive when we communicate well, and we starve ourselves of companionship, camaraderie and community when we fail to communicate effectively” (Rao, R., 2010, p. 1). Despite this generous conception of communication, it is evident that most of us lack knowledge of the basic principles of interpersonal communication and therefore take communication for granted. Conversely, interpersonal communication is in essence a simple notion. According to Hybel and Weaver II, “interpersonal communication is one person interacting with another on a one-to-one basis, often in an informal, unstructured setting” (Hybel, Weaver II, 2007, p. 7).
Interpersonal communication is derived from the close relationships we have in our life of our choosing. Yet, we have interface with people on many levels in our life, ranging from personal to professional. Interpersonal relationships constantly change and shift and can derive from formal settings. Relationships can vary from friendships, family members, lovers, acquaintances, professional and even adversaries. Life welcomes and encompasses most relationships in each of these categories. Therefore, it is important to understand how interpersonal communication propels us into successful encounters with other people and additionally enables us to have a better self-actualization.
Before the art of communication can be analyzed, one must clearly know and understand one’s self. This is so strongly connected to communication because our self-perception is vital to our well-being and how we portray ourselves to others. This will be the starting point of how others view us along with our communication style.
According to Dr. Khaleel Isa, there are four components to self that must be evaluated (Isa, 2007). The “known self” is the part of us we willingly incorporate in every day life and show to others. The “blind self” is the aspect of one’s self that others see clearly but that we are unaware. The “hidden self” is the part of us that we know of but do not share with others. Lastly, the “emotional self” is the part of us that “motivates us to be who we are” and is the part of us in which our “pathogenic belief system” lives (Isa, 2007, p. 2). Understanding these crucial constituents of the self will open the doorway to self-perception and communication rituals that will represent how we see our self and how we desire others to perceive us.
After uncovering our self-perception, an important factor of communication to be learned is knowing what defines communication and the many ways communication is expressed. Communication entails many factors and encompasses all that we are as communicative beings. We communicate through speech, facial expressions, affliction and tone of voice, body language, and even through the written word (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). We must be sentient to these various ways of communicating in addition to being able to maintain a consistency with all of these components. If we are praising someone, we should be able to use our language in addition to positive facial expressions and appropriate tone of voice. Similarly, if we are denigrating a person or their actions, we must make sure we are expressing this with all aspects of communication above and beyond our usage of words. Having an unswerving manner of communicating that represents a clear initiative will certainly propel a person forward with the ability to effectively communicate.
The principles of interpersonal communication are simple and central to effective communicating. The first vital principle is knowing that communication is not avertable. We must communicate and we thrive upon it. As stated by Donnell King, “we can't not communicate. The very attempt not to communicate communicates something” (King, 2000, p. 1). Knowing this principle of communication will surely give us the knowledge of how important it is to master the skills of effective communicating within interpersonal relationships. Additionally, communication is irreversible (King, 2007). You cannot undo what is said or done and the effect will always remain. Consciously applying this knowledge before communicating will perpetuate proper efforts to communicate reasonably. Furthermore, communication is complicated despite its universal appeal and simplistic concepts. According to King, “we don't actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas” (King, 2007, p. 2). This makes it even more ideal to be stern with our choices when interacting with others. Words and meanings can be misunderstood and misinterpreted, and this can lead to ramifications that are unseen as well as unintentional damage to interpersonal relationships. Lastly, one must understand that “interpersonal communication is contextual” (King, 2007, p. 2). There are psychological, cultural, emotional and environmental circumstances that will certainly affect the way communication is given and received. Having a strong handle on these varying corollaries will result in a hyper awareness of extraneous factors that can either inhibit or promote successful progression of interpersonal relationships through meaningful communication.
The misconceptions of interpersonal communication are plentiful. Because each individual is unique, it is easy to misunderstand others and in turn, misunderstand the communicating process. Furthermore, because we communicate on a consistent basis, most of us have the misconception that communication is an innate ability that does not necessarily have to be fine-tuned. One of the most common misconceptions of interpersonal communication is that the skill to communicate applies to everyone in every situation.
Every relationship one has with another person will differentiate from any other. Each person is unique with a variety of characteristics that may disparage or compliment our own. Hence, we must be able to apply the appropriate attitude and technique for the individual that we communicate with. Some of the most difficult personality types to deal with are defensive and combative personalities. People who are defensive are sensitive to judgment and criticism. It is necessary have a gentle approach when communication with people who are easily offended. Those who are combative may easily argue or try to cause conflict. People in this category need careful handling as well. One should remain positive with this kind of person and try to elicit understanding and a consensus with factual stability.
It can be challenging to assess each individual and how to correctly approach communication when there are so many factors involved. With the proper effort and evaluation, one can identify personality traits of an individual and build positive communication around those aspects. This not only develops proper interpersonal relationships, but also broadens the skills necessary to effectively communicate and represent oneself in a positive manner.
Managing Conflict
Even with the most developed communication skills and an understanding of the principles of interpersonal communication, conflict can abound. Conflict typically arises from a differentiation in opinions and from misunderstandings. We cannot control or prevent conflict from occurring, but we can certainly mold our communication to accept and react to conflict appropriately. Solving conflicts within interpersonal relationships, if done effectively and with care, can most definitely enhance the relationship and promote a better understanding between the people involved.
Through an extensive study, it was determined that there are diverse styles of organizational conflict that people use to communicate that can either magnify or negate conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). If a person utilizes the dominating style in which is perceived by others as usually inappropriate, conflict can more readily ensue. Participants in the study also perceived using the avoiding style of organizational conflict as inappropriate and this style would perpetuate a general misunderstanding between the conflicting parties. It appears that the obliging style, considered to be more neutral, would be the most effective means of simmering a conflict (Gross, M., Guerrero, L., 2000). This style consists of listening, understanding and empathizing with the other party, and gently expressing one’s one position. These are all aspects of effective communicating and perpetuate a strong foundation in interpersonal relationships.
Some of the accompanying skills that should go along with the proper organizational conflict style can aid in abating conflict and increase proper listening in skillful discussion. One of the main qualities would be to stop listening to others as well as yourself. Learning how to still the voice within is a great contribution to active listening. In a conflict, it is common for someone to construct an argument in their mind before it is their turn to speak (Stewart, J., 2006). Empathy is a useful tool in conflict management although it may seem foreign to the subject at hand. Being able to insert oneself in the other person’s shoes and to imagine what it would be like to have their values, beliefs, point of view, and the same problems will aid in empathizing in a genuine fashion (Stewart, J., 2006). Inquiry is also an important step in conflict reduction. Being able to show the other person that you are truly interested in how they arrived to their view will clear the path for honorable disagreement and understanding instead of empty victories and meaningless debate.
There are simple procedures that can be used in order to negate conflict. One of the first steps in conflict management is to reduce anger and make a genuine resolution to stopping the conflict from getting worse (Elkind, 2007). Identifying the motives of each party and understanding what each person wants is another step into the right direction. To generate a smooth transition into a resolution, one should think of positive options and choose one that best favors each person involved (Elkind, 2007). Employing these unique management techniques in addition to acquiring and understanding one’s organizational conflict style will promote better conflict resolution. Conflict is to be expected and does not necessarily symbolize negativity. Conflict can bring two individuals to a closer understanding of one another and develop trust in the relationship that each person can respectfully solve issues when they arise. Therefore, understanding the science of conflict and how to manage it effectively may very well contribute to more positive interpersonal relationships.
Emotional Intelligence
According to Hybels and Weaver II, “emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and get along with others” (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007, p. 236). Despite the simplistic depiction, emotional intelligence is quite complex in nature. Emotional intelligence is something that is learned and must be nurtured. Understanding one’s self, the emotions that one has, how others affect one’s behavior, and how one should react to uncontrollable situations are all relative to emotional intelligence and highly influence the interpersonal relationships that are encountered. Emotional intelligence is arguably just as vital as intellectualness. In fact, studies have shown that those with a high emotional intelligence are generally more successful in life in personal and work-related endeavors (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007).
There are some essential elements of emotional intelligence that should be addressed. These elements are identification, assessment, and expression of emotions. Controlling one’s emotions is no easy feat, especially during stressful or controversial situations. Because conflict can arise at any time, even without being provoked, emotions can be overwhelming. Identifying what the causes of emotions are and what triggers these emotions will enable one to control them. Assessing the emotions before expression is a key component to emotional intelligence. By first recognizing emotions and then understanding why the emotions occurred, one can determine whether or not the emotions are justifiable for the situation at hand. Emotions can be influenced by how one was raised, stress, or any other critical factors that easily affect one’s quality of life (Hybels, Weaver II, 2007). Therefore, it is safe to say that it is not always appropriate to express the emotions that are arising. The concluding element of emotional intelligence would be expression. After assessing the emotions that arose instead of expressing them the instant they occur, it is much easier to filter these emotions for expression. Similarly, with the ability to understand one’s own emotions, one can more easily recognize and react to other people’s emotional responses. These elements of emotional intelligence relate directly with interpersonal relationships and the way we choose to communicate and express our emotions. In fact, emotional expressiveness is the most imperative unit of measure in terms of effective communication.
Having a unique ability to empathize with others and to understand one’s self are key ingredients to successful communication. Lack of self-perception is a major inhibitor of emotional intelligence and prevents a readiness to communicate with an open mind. Developing one’s emotional intelligence is the root of proper communication and the bridge to thriving and cohesive interpersonal relationships.
Before anyone can truly benefit from and appreciate interpersonal relationships, one must have a strong sense of self. This begins the process of effective communication with others through an honest representation of motives and desires. Relationships prosper when reciprocation is equal and both parties have a respect for each other’s positions. Endorsing high emotional intelligence allows for conflict to be handled properly and communication to be well received. There is no escaping communication or it’s impact on the life of every human being. Therefore, each and every person should strive to master all of the key modules of communication skills. Overall, interpersonal communication not only aids the blossoming of personal emotional health and effectiveness, but it is also a vital component to human life.
References
Elkind, S. (2007). How to resolve conflicts without fighting. Retrieved from
http://www.goodcharacter.com/YCC/ResolvingConflicts.
Hybels, S., & Weaver II, R. (2007). Communicating effectively (eighth edition). New
York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Isa, K. (2007). Training program on communication skills. Retrieved from http://www.passia.org/seminars/2003/Communication-Khaleel-Isa.htm.
King, D. (2000). Four principles of interpersonal communication. Retrieved from http://www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/dking/interpr.htm.
Michael A Gross, & Laura K Guerrero. (2000). Managing conflict appropriately and effectively: An application of the competence model to Rahim's organizational conflict styles. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11(3), 200-226. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 66815935).
Rao, Ramesh. (2010). Communication studies. Retrieved from
http://www.longwood.edu/commstudiestheatre/communicationstudies.htm.
Stewart, J. (2006). Bridges not walls. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
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